{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:32:23Z","timestamp":1772613143925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4467,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare the efficacy and safety of adding mealtime pramlintide or rapid-acting insulin analogs (RAIAs) to basal insulin for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a 24-week open-label, multicenter study, 113 patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to addition of mealtime pramlintide (120 \u03bcg) or a titrated RAIA to basal insulin and prior oral antihyperglycemic drugs (OADs). At screening, patients were insulin naive or had been receiving &amp;lt;50 units\/day basal insulin for &amp;lt;6 months. The basal insulin dosage was titrated from day 1, seeking fasting plasma glucose (FPG) \u226570\u2013&amp;lt;100 mg\/dl. Pramlintide and an RAIA were initiated on day 1 and week 4, respectively. The proportion of patients achieving A1C \u22647.0% without weight gain or severe hypoglycemia at week 24 was the primary end point.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>More pramlintide- than RAIA-treated patients achieved the primary end point (30 vs. 11%, P = 0.018) with a similar dose of basal insulin. Pramlintide and an RAIA yielded similar mean \u00b1 SEM values for FPG and A1C at 24 weeks (122 \u00b1 7 vs. 123 \u00b1 5 mg\/dl and 7.2 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 7.0 \u00b1 0.1%, respectively) and similar least squares mean reductions from baseline to end point (\u221231 \u00b1 6 vs. \u221234 \u00b1 6 mg\/dl and \u22121.1 \u00b1 0.2 vs. \u22121.3 \u00b1 0.2%, respectively). RAIAs but not pramlintide caused weight gain (+4.7 \u00b1 0.7 vs. +0.0 \u00b1 0.7 kg, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Fewer patients reported mild to moderate hypoglycemia with pramlintide than with the RAIA (55 vs. 82%), but more patients reported nausea (21 vs. 0%). No severe hypoglycemia occurred in either group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In patients taking basal insulin and OADs, premeal fixed-dose pramlintide improved glycemic control as effectively as titrated RAIAs. The pramlintide regimen sometimes caused nausea but no weight gain and less hypoglycemia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,6]],"date-time":"2009-06-06T01:49:09Z","timestamp":1244252949000},"page":"1577-1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Randomized Comparison of Pramlintide or Mealtime Insulin Added to Basal Insulin Treatment for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Riddle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Pencek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supoat","family":"Charenkavanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031220030321100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3080","article-title":"The Treat-to-Target Trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"26","author":"Riddle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220030321100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-1365","article-title":"Levemir Treat-to-Target Study Group. 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