{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:05:11Z","timestamp":1790129111553,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4283,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Insulin resistance is greater in racial\/ethnic minorities than in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) for those with and without type 2 diabetes. Because previous research on insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes was limited to NHWs, racial\/ethnic variation in an estimated measure of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes was determined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample included 79 individuals with type 1 diabetes diagnosed at age &amp;lt;18 years (32.9% NHWs, 46.8% non-Hispanic black [NHB], 7.6% other\/mixed, and 12.7% Hispanic) and their families. Estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) (milligrams per kilogram per minute; a lower eGDR indicates greater insulin resistance) was calculated using A1C, waist circumference, and hypertension status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean current age was 13.5 years (range 3.2\u201332.5) and diabetes duration was 5.7 years (0.1\u201319.9). eGDR was inversely associated with age. Compared with that in NHWs, age-adjusted eGDR was significantly lower among nonwhites (NHB, other\/mixed, and Hispanic: \u0394 = \u22121.83, P = 0.0006). Age-adjusted eGDR was negatively associated with body fat, triglycerides, urinary albumin\/creatinine, acanthosis nigricans, parental obesity, and parental insulin resistance and positively related to HDL and sex hormone\u2013binding globulin. In multivariable analysis, lower eGDR was significantly associated with older age, nonwhite race\/ethnicity, acanthosis, and lower HDL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Minorities with type 1 diabetes are significantly more insulin resistant, as measured by eGDR, than NHWs. Exploring potential mechanisms, including disparities in care and\/or physiological variation, may contribute to preventing racial\/ethnic differences in insulin resistance\u2013associated outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T03:30:22Z","timestamp":1260502222000},"page":"614-619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Differences in an Estimated Measure of Insulin Resistance Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kirstie K.","family":"Danielson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Endocrine Discovery and Clinical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda L.","family":"Drum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela L.","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Endocrine Discovery and Clinical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Endocrine Discovery and Clinical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;"},{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031302574592400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.1.63","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response in African-Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics with NIDDM: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"46","author":"Haffner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607243150404","article-title":"Natural course of insulin resistance in type I diabetes","volume":"315","author":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1982","article-title":"Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and complication risk in type 1 diabetes: \u201cdouble diabetes\u201d in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial","volume":"30","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.626","article-title":"Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes?","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2053","article-title":"The prediction of major outcomes of type 1 diabetes: a 12-year prospective evaluation of three separate definitions of the metabolic syndrome and their components and estimated glucose disposal rate: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience","volume":"30","author":"Pambianco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj287","article-title":"Identifying genetic susceptibilities to diabetes-related complications among individuals at low risk of complications: an application of tree-structured survival analysis","volume":"164","author":"Costacou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302574592400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.6.742","article-title":"Increased insulin resistance and insulin secretion in nondiabetic African-Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites. 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