{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T07:41:49Z","timestamp":1779349309933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3978,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test whether the frequency of human enterovirus RNA in fecal samples collected monthly from early infancy was associated with development of multiple islet autoantibodies in children with the highest risk HLA genotype.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals carrying the HLA DRB1*0401-DQA1*03-DQB1*0302\/DRB1*03-DQA1*05-DQB1*02 genotype were identified at birth and followed with monthly stool samples from age 3 to 35 months. Blood samples taken at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually were tested for autoantibodies to insulin, GAD 65 and IA-2. Among 911 children, 27 developed positivity for two or more islet autoantibodies in two or more consecutive samples (case subjects). Two control subjects per case subject were matched by follow-up time, date of birth, and county of residence. Stool samples were analyzed for enterovirus with a semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The frequency of human enterovirus RNA in stool samples from case subjects before seroconversion (43 of 339, 12.7%) did not differ from the frequency in control subjects (94 of 692, 13.6%) (P = 0.97). Results remained essentially unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders, restriction to various time windows before seroconversion, or infections in the 1st year of life or after inclusion of samples collected after seroconversion. There was no difference in the average quantity of enterovirus RNA or in the frequency of repeatedly positive samples. The estimated relative risk for islet autoimmunity per enterovirus RNA\u2013positive sample during follow-up (nested case-control analysis) was 1.12 (95% CI 0.66\u20131.91).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was no support for the hypothesis that fecal shedding of enteroviral RNA is a major predictor of advanced islet autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]],"date-time":"2010-10-08T00:38:59Z","timestamp":1286498339000},"page":"151-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Human Enterovirus RNA in Monthly Fecal Samples and Islet Autoimmunity in Norwegian Children With High Genetic Risk for Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"German","family":"Tapia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, the Czech Republic."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Cinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, the Czech Republic."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Wits\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Grinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars Christian","family":"Stene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjersti Skjold","family":"R\u00f8nningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031218414187000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0852-3","article-title":"The role of viruses in human diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Hy\u00f6ty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.08.019","article-title":"Enteroviruses: new findings on the role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Roivainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1276-0","article-title":"The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10260","article-title":"Enterovirus infections are associated with the induction of \u03b2-cell autoimmunity in a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Salminen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02147.x","article-title":"Enterovirus infections as a risk factor for type I diabetes: virus analyses in a dietary intervention trial","volume":"132","author":"Sadeharju","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200006)61:2<214::AID-JMV7>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Enterovirus RNA in serum is a risk factor for beta-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group","volume":"61","author":"L\u00f6nnrot","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00198-5","article-title":"Prospective study of enteroviral infections and development of beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)","volume":"59","author":"Graves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2001.0550","article-title":"No evidence for an association of coxsackie virus infections during pregnancy and early childhood with development of islet autoantibodies in offspring of mothers or fathers with type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"F\u00fcchtenbusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.04.003","article-title":"Islet autoantibody development during follow-up of high-risk children from the general Norwegian population from three months of age: design and early results from the MIDIA study","volume":"29","author":"Stene","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.03.007","article-title":"Longitudinal observation of enterovirus and adenovirus in stool samples from Norwegian infants with the highest genetic risk of type 1 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Cinek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp333","article-title":"Predictors of sub-clinical enterovirus infections in infants: a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Wits\u00f8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B12","article-title":"Enteroviruses: Polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Pallansch","year":"2007","edition":"7th ed"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00653-06","article-title":"High prevalence of human enterovirus a infections in natural circulation of human enteroviruses","volume":"44","author":"Wits\u00f8","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022031218414187000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01097.x","article-title":"Isolation of enterovirus strains from children with preclinical type 1 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Salminen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet Med"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/151\/607409\/zdc00111000151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/151\/607409\/zdc00111000151.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T19:42:38Z","timestamp":1647114158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/34\/1\/151\/27685\/Human-Enterovirus-RNA-in-Monthly-Fecal-Samples-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-1413","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]}}}