{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:44:48Z","timestamp":1791031488333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3877,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of the study was to determine the association between child BMI at age 3 years and maternal glucose concentration among women without pre-existing diabetes or a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data are from the Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition and Postpartum studies and include 263 mother-child pairs. Measured weights and heights at 3 years were used to calculate age- and sex-specific BMI z scores and percentiles. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations of continuous BMI z scores with maternal glucose concentration. Modified Poisson regression estimated risk ratios of child overweight\/obesity (BMI \u226585th percentile).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean (SD) maternal glucose concentration and prepregnancy BMI were 103.8 (23.7) mg\/dL and 24.3 (5.9) kg\/m2, respectively. At 3 years, the mean (SD) child BMI z score was 0.29 (0.99), 20.9% were overweight\/obese and 5.3% were obese. In the adjusted model, when compared with glucose concentration &amp;lt;100 mg\/dL, a concentration \u2265130 mg\/dL was associated with significantly higher child BMI z score at 3 years (estimated z score difference of 0.39 [95% CI: 0.03\u20130.75]). With the use of the same reference category, a concentration \u2265130 mg\/dL was associated with an approximate twofold greater risk of child overweight\/obesity (adjusted risk ratio 2.34 [95% CI: 1.25\u20134.38]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal exposure to high maternal glucose concentration in the absence of pre-existing diabetes or GDM may contribute to the development of overweight\/obesity in the offspring, independent of maternal prepregnancy BMI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,8]],"date-time":"2011-01-08T03:05:09Z","timestamp":1294455909000},"page":"480-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["The Association Between Maternal Glucose Concentration and Child BMI at Age 3 Years"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Deierlein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Siega-Riz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Chantala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Education, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy H.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics at the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031302110352200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903550659","article-title":"The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Reece","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2022031302110352200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031302110352200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1112","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations with neonatal anthropometrics","volume":"58","author":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031302110352200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.2.S126","article-title":"Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy in Pima Indian women. 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