{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:55:13Z","timestamp":1790506513814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3579,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes has been associated with chronic neurodegeneration. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between pre-existing diabetes and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Original articles in English published up to 10 May 2011 were searched for in electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) and by reviewing references of eligible articles. Prospective cohort and case-control studies providing risk and precision estimates relating to pre-existing diabetes and PD were considered eligible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine studies\/1,947 citations (cohort, N = 4; case-control, N = 5) fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. In prospective studies, the onset of diabetes before onset of PD was found to be a risk factor for future PD (relative risk [RR] = 1.37 [95%CI 1.21\u20131.55]; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). This association was confirmed by secondary analyses based on estimates derived after the exclusion of participants who had vascular disease at baseline and\/or who developed vascular disease during follow-up (RR = 1.34 [1.14\u20131.58]; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and by sensitivity analyses addressing the association with diabetes at baseline or during follow-up. However, the association found for case-control studies was not significant (odds ratio [OR] 0.75 [95%CI 0.50\u20131.11]; P = 0.835). Sensitivity analysis based on estimates adjusted for BMI confirmed the lack of a relationship between PD and diabetes (OR 0.56 [0.28\u20131.15]; P = 0.089).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although data from cohort studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor for PD, there is no conclusive evidence on this association. Further prospective studies focused on putative pathogenic pathways and taking a broad range of confounders into account is required to clarify this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,22]],"date-time":"2011-11-22T03:13:45Z","timestamp":1321931625000},"page":"2614-2623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":208,"title":["Diabetes and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Cereda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Parkinson Institute\u2013Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Barichella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute\u2013Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Pedrolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Trento Hospital, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Klersy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Cassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute\u2013Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Caccialanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Pezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute\u2013Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031302564510800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7179.311","article-title":"Science, medicine, and the future: Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"318","author":"Schapira","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60492-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"373","author":"Lees","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22705","article-title":"Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Barichella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283050461","article-title":"Update in the epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Elbaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271883.45010.8a","article-title":"Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"69","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2011","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0479","article-title":"Diabetes in patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.02.013","article-title":"Diabetes preceding Parkinson\u2019s disease onset. A case-control study","volume":"15","author":"D\u2019Amelio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00681-7","article-title":"Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Craft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1155","article-title":"Insulin is a two-edged knife on the brain","volume":"18","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0688","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Driver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1922","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20685","article-title":"Comorbid conditions associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Leibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.09.004","article-title":"Diabetes, smoking, and other medical conditions in relation to Parkinson\u2019s disease risk","volume":"12","author":"Powers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000217384.03237.9c","article-title":"Reduced risk factors for vascular disorders in Parkinson disease patients: a case-control study","volume":"37","author":"Scigliano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.03.002","article-title":"Case-control study of risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in relation to hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes in Japan","volume":"293","author":"Miyake","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1333","article-title":"Diabetes and the risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s disease in Denmark","volume":"34","author":"Schernhammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi025","article-title":"Vascular parkinsonism\u2014an important cause of parkinsonism in older people","volume":"34","author":"Thanvi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283418fed","article-title":"Diabetes, hyperglycemia and the management of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Haratz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22937","article-title":"Differentiating vascular parkinsonism from idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kalra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129989.28404.9B","article-title":"Fasting insulin and incident dementia in an elderly population of Japanese-American men","volume":"63","author":"Peila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310646.32212.3a","article-title":"Impaired insulin secretion increases the risk of Alzheimer disease","volume":"71","author":"R\u00f6nnemaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1393-9","article-title":"Glucose metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia: a population-based 12 year follow-up study in 71-year-old men","volume":"52","author":"R\u00f6nnemaa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0591","article-title":"Age, obesity, and sex effects on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function","volume":"59","author":"Karakelides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm260","article-title":"Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000222780","article-title":"Is there an association between the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease? A comparison of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients, disease controls and healthy individuals","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.144501","article-title":"Changes in diagnosis with follow-up in an incident cohort of patients with parkinsonism","volume":"79","author":"Caslake","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171249","article-title":"Association of blood pressure and hypertension with the risk of Parkinson disease: the National FINRISK Study","volume":"57","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000312511.62699.a8","article-title":"Total cholesterol and the risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"70","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp033","article-title":"Plasma urate and Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm127","article-title":"Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"166","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.11.013","article-title":"Statins\u2014increasing or reducing the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"228","author":"Dolga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9581-6","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review of the evidence","volume":"26","author":"Wirdefeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk089","article-title":"Consumption of dairy products and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.62","article-title":"Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"65","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801283180415","article-title":"Decreased catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of patients with parkinsonism","volume":"318","author":"Carmichael","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000113469","article-title":"Neuropathology of autonomic nervous system in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2022031302564510800_B40","article-title":"Anthropometric indices of fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Cereda","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/34\/12\/2614\/607647\/2614.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/34\/12\/2614\/607647\/2614.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T03:14:40Z","timestamp":1647141280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/34\/12\/2614\/39005\/Diabetes-and-Risk-of-Parkinson-s-DiseaseA"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-1584","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]}}}