{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:29:08Z","timestamp":1791221348179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3241,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test whether safe and effective glycemic control could be achieved in type 1 diabetes using a bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas driven by a continuous glucose monitor in experiments lasting more than two days and including six high-carbohydrate meals and exercise as challenges to glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six subjects with type 1 diabetes and no endogenous insulin secretion participated in two 51-h experiments. Blood glucose was managed with a bionic endocrine pancreas controlling subcutaneous delivery of insulin and glucagon with insulin pumps. A partial meal-priming bolus of insulin (0.035 units\/kg\/meal, then 0.05 units\/kg\/meal in repeat experiments) was administered at the beginning of each meal (on average 78 \u00b1 12 g of carbohydrates per meal were consumed). Plasma glucose (PG) control was evaluated with a reference quality measurement on venous blood every 15 min.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall mean PG was 158 mg\/dL, with 68% of PG values in the range of 70\u2013180 mg\/dL. There were no significant differences in mean PG between larger and smaller meal-priming bolus experiments. Hypoglycemia (PG &amp;lt;70 mg\/dL) was rare, with eight incidents during 576 h of closed-loop control (0.7% of total time). During 192 h of nighttime control, mean PG was 123 mg\/dL, with 93% of PG values in the range of 70\u2013180 mg\/dL and only one episode of mild hypoglycemia (minimum PG 62 mg\/dL).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas achieved excellent glycemic control with minimal hypoglycemia over the course of two days of continuous use despite high-carbohydrate meals and exercise. A trial testing a wearable version of the system under free-living conditions is justified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,26]],"date-time":"2012-08-26T00:15:50Z","timestamp":1345940150000},"page":"2148-2155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Blood Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes With a Bihormonal Bionic Endocrine Pancreas"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas H.","family":"El-Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra L.","family":"Magyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, 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