{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:39:27Z","timestamp":1791819567547,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3027,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the effects of baseline and incident diabetes on change in cognitive function over 12 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A sample of 1,290 individuals aged \u226540 years at baseline, participating in the Maastricht Aging Study, were cognitively tested at baseline, after 6 years, and after 12 years. Of these, 68 participants had type 2 diabetes at baseline, and 54 and 57 had incident diabetes at the 6- and 12-year follow-up, respectively. Changes in performance on tests of information-processing speed, executive function, and verbal memory from baseline to 6- and 12-year follow-up were compared between groups using linear mixed models. Effects of diabetes on cognitive decline were adjusted for demographic variables, history of smoking, alcohol intake, and comorbid conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, BMI, and depression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants with baseline diabetes showed larger decline in information-processing speed (estimate \u22127.64; P &amp;lt; 0.01), executive function (21.82; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and delayed word recall (\u22121.35; P &amp;lt; 0.05) over the 12-year follow-up compared with control subjects. No significant difference in decline was observed for immediate word recall. Compared with control subjects, participants with incident diabetes showed subtle early decline in information-processing speed only. Interestingly, they did not show larger decline in any other cognitive domain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with baseline type 2 diabetes show accelerated cognitive decline, particularly in information-processing speed and executive function, compared with individuals without diabetes. In incident diabetes, decline in speed becomes detectable first, and cognitive decline seems to increase with increasing exposure time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,29]],"date-time":"2012-12-29T07:19:30Z","timestamp":1356765570000},"page":"1554-1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on 12-Year Cognitive Change"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Peggy J.J.","family":"Spauwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans R.J.","family":"Verhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coen D.A.","family":"Stehouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.J.","family":"van Boxtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031222353692800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-2","article-title":"Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Biessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2022031222353692800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004144","article-title":"Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2022031222353692800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.228","article-title":"Cognitive function, dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Strachan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022031222353692800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03589-3","article-title":"Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales","volume":"357","author":"Neuropathology Group. 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