{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T21:26:06Z","timestamp":1778793966022,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2970,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glutamine reduces postprandial glycemia when given before oral glucose. We evaluated whether this is mediated by stimulation of insulin and\/or slowing of gastric emptying.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ten healthy subjects were studied during intraduodenal (ID) infusion of glutamine (7.5 or 15 g) or saline over 30 min, followed by glucose (75 g over 100 min), while recording antropyloroduodenal pressures. Ten patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were also studied with 15 g glutamine or saline.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ID glutamine stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1; healthy: P &amp;lt; 0.05; T2DM: P &amp;lt; 0.05), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; P = 0.098; P &amp;lt; 0.05), glucagon (P &amp;lt; 0.01; P &amp;lt; 0.001), insulin (P = 0.05; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and phasic pyloric pressures (P &amp;lt; 0.05; P &amp;lt; 0.05), but did not lower blood glucose (P = 0.077; P = 0.5).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glutamine does not lower glycemia after ID glucose, despite stimulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin, probably due to increased glucagon. Its capacity for pyloric stimulation suggests that delayed gastric emptying is a major mechanism for lowering glycemia when glutamine is given before oral glucose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,6]],"date-time":"2013-04-06T05:06:31Z","timestamp":1365224791000},"page":"2262-2265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effects of Intraduodenal Glutamine on Incretin Hormone and Insulin Release, the Glycemic Response to an Intraduodenal Glucose Infusion, and Antropyloroduodenal Motility in Health and Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions, and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions, and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry R.","family":"Greenfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorit","family":"Samocha-Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions, and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions, and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031222354219300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881","article-title":"Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c)","volume":"26","author":"Monnier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031222354219300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.371","article-title":"Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control","volume":"24","author":"Rayner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes 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peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"89","author":"Greenfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031222354219300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.05.002","article-title":"Gastric emptying of three liquid oral preoperative metabolic preconditioning regimens measured by magnetic resonance imaging in healthy adult volunteers: a randomised double-blind, crossover study","volume":"28","author":"Lobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031222354219300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0723","article-title":"Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes 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Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/36\/8\/2262\/617287\/2262.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/36\/8\/2262\/617287\/2262.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T00:50:20Z","timestamp":1647132620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/36\/8\/2262\/33023\/Effects-of-Intraduodenal-Glutamine-on-Incretin"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-1663","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]}}}