{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:49:10Z","timestamp":1791852550669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3027,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory studies suggest that exposure to methylmercury at a level similar to those found in fish may induce pancreatic islet \u03b2-cell dysfunction. Few, if any, human studies have examined the association between mercury exposure and diabetes incidence. We examined whether toenail mercury levels are associated with incidence of diabetes in a large prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEACH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort of 3,875 American young adults, aged 20\u201332 years, free of diabetes in 1987 (baseline), were enrolled and followed six times until 2005. Baseline toenail mercury levels were measured with instrumental neutron-activation analysis. Incident diabetes was identified by plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, hemoglobin A1C levels, and\/or antidiabetes medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 288 incident cases of diabetes occurred over 18 years of follow-up. In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study center, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of diabetes, intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and magnesium, and toenail selenium, toenail mercury levels were positively associated with the incidence of diabetes. The hazard ratio (95% CI) of incident diabetes compared the highest to the lowest quintiles of mercury exposure was 1.65 (1.07\u20132.56; P for trend = 0.02). Higher mercury exposure at baseline was also significantly associated with decreased homeostasis model assessment of \u03b2-cell function index (P for trend &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results are consistent with findings from laboratory studies and provide longitudinal human data suggesting that people with high mercury exposure in young adulthood may have elevated risk of diabetes later in life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T21:58:42Z","timestamp":1361311122000},"page":"1584-1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Mercury Exposure in Young Adulthood and Incidence of Diabetes Later in Life"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ka","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia and Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliseo","family":"Guallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031222432939400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.1.3.9262","article-title":"Heavy metals, islet function and diabetes development","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900811","article-title":"Sources of mercury exposure for U.S. seafood consumers: implications for policy","volume":"118","author":"Selin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.01.016","article-title":"Human developmental neurotoxicity of methylmercury: impact of variables and risk modifiers","volume":"51","author":"Castoldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1443.022","article-title":"Immunology of mercury","volume":"1143","author":"Vas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00489.x","article-title":"Role of mercury toxicity in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke","volume":"13","author":"Houston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0600705","article-title":"Methylmercury induces pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0029","article-title":"The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/Akt signaling in low-dose mercury-induced mouse pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in vitro and in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.11.024","article-title":"Inorganic mercury causes pancreatic beta-cell death via the oxidative stress-induced apoptotic and necrotic pathways","volume":"243","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7","article-title":"CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects","volume":"41","author":"Friedman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(94)91698-5","article-title":"The analysis of human nails for 24 elements via k0 and cyclic neutron activation analysis","volume":"353","author":"Cheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl Inst Methods Phys Res"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021437","article-title":"Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men","volume":"347","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B12","first-page":"493","article-title":"Toenail trace element levels as biomarkers: reproducibility over a 6-year period","volume":"2","author":"Garland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02373.x","article-title":"Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031222432939400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008918","article-title":"Increase in fasting insulin and glucose over seven years with increasing weight and inactivity of young adults. 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