{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:10:34Z","timestamp":1783941034347,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2905,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent studies suggest that chronic exposure to air pollution can promote the development of diabetes. However, whether this relationship actually translates into an increased risk of mortality attributable to diabetes is uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated the association between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetes-related mortality in a prospective cohort analysis of 2.1 million adults from the 1991 Canadian census mortality follow-up study. Mortality information, including \u223c5,200 deaths coded as diabetes being the underlying cause, was ascertained by linkage to the Canadian Mortality Database from 1991 to 2001. Subject-level estimates of long-term exposure to PM2.5 were derived from satellite observations. The hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetes-related mortality were related to PM2.5 and adjusted for individual-level and contextual variables using Cox proportional hazards survival models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean PM2.5 exposure levels for the entire population were low (8.7 \u00b5g\/m3; SD, 3.9 \u00b5g\/m3; interquartile range, 6.2 \u00b5g\/m3). In fully adjusted models, a 10-\u00b5g\/m3 elevation in PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increase in risk for diabetes-related mortality (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.37\u20131.62). The monotonic change in risk to the population persisted to PM2.5 concentration &amp;lt;5 \u00b5g\/m3.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term exposure to PM2.5, even at low levels, is related to an increased risk of mortality attributable to diabetes. These findings have considerable public health importance given the billions of people exposed to air pollution and the worldwide growing epidemic of diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T01:23:11Z","timestamp":1371604991000},"page":"3313-3320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Long-Term Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Mortality From Diabetes in Canada"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Brook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabit","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, Downsview, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orly","family":"Brion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall V.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"},{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"C. 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