{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:49:20Z","timestamp":1773294560544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2817,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To describe treatment regimens in youth with type 2 diabetes and examine associations between regimens, demographic and clinical characteristics, and glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This report includes 474 youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who completed a SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit. Diabetes treatment regimen was categorized as lifestyle alone, metformin monotherapy, any oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) other than metformin or two or more OHAs, insulin monotherapy, and insulin plus any OHA(s). Association of treatment with demographic and clinical characteristics (fasting C-peptide [FCP], diabetes duration, and self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMBG]), and A1C was assessed by \u03c72 and ANOVA. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate independent associations of treatment regimens and A1C, adjusting for demographics, diabetes duration, FCP, and SMBG.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over 50% of participants reported treatment with metformin alone or lifestyle. Of the autoantibody-negative youth, 40% were on metformin alone, while 33% were on insulin-containing regimens. Participants on metformin alone had a lower A1C (7.0 \u00b1 2.0%, 53 \u00b1 22 mmol\/mol) than those on insulin alone (9.2 \u00b1 2.7%, 77 \u00b1 30 mmol\/mol) or insulin plus OHA (8.6 \u00b1 2.6%, 70 \u00b1 28 mmol\/mol) (P &amp;lt; 0.001). These differences remained significant after adjustment (7.5 \u00b1 0.3%, 58 \u00b1 3 mmol\/mol; 9.1 \u00b1 0.4%, 76 \u00b1 4 mmol\/mol; and 8.6 \u00b1 0.4%, 70 \u00b1 4 mmol\/mol) (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and were more striking in those with diabetes for \u22652 years (7.9 \u00b1 2.8, 9.9 \u00b1 2.8, and 9.8 \u00b1 2.6%). Over one-half of those on insulin-containing therapies still experience treatment failure (A1C \u22658%, 64 mmol\/mol).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately half of youth with type 2 diabetes were managed with lifestyle or metformin alone and had better glycemic control than individuals using other therapies. Those with longer diabetes duration in particular commonly experienced treatment failures, and more effective management strategies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T04:11:11Z","timestamp":1378959071000},"page":"64-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Correlates of Treatment Patterns Among Youth With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Badaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgeanna J.","family":"Klingensmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Mayer-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santica","family":"Marcovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Beavers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz L.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Imperatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pihoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031222152315400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.1.89","article-title":"Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes 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