{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:42:55Z","timestamp":1773286975962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2817,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that is released from the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with GLP-1 analogs has proven to be of clinical use for patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes, particularly those with residual \u03b2-cell function, may also respond to treatment, but the acute metabolic effects of GLP-1 analogs on these patients in reaction to both oral and intravenous glucose challenges are not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seventeen patients with type 1 diabetes, half of whom had residual insulin production, underwent two mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) and two intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs), with and without pretreatment with exenatide. No exogenous bolus insulin was administered for the studies. Glucose excursions, insulin secretion rates (ISRs), and levels of glucagon, endogenous GLP-1, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide were measured after the meal or glucose loads.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the MMTT, glucose levels were suppressed with exenatide in patients with or without residual insulin production (P = 0.0003). Exenatide treatment did not change the absolute ISR, but the ISR to glucose levels were increased (P = 0.0078). Gastric emptying was delayed (P = 0.0017), and glucagon was suppressed (P = 0.0015). None of these hormonal or glucose changes were detected during the IVGTT with exenatide administration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exenatide showed a significant antidiabetogenic effect prior to an oral meal in patients with type 1 diabetes involving glucagon suppression and gastric emptying, while preserving increased insulin secretion. GLP-1 analogs may be useful as an adjunctive treatment in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T01:09:11Z","timestamp":1376356151000},"page":"210-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Acute Metabolic Effects of Exenatide in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Residual Insulin to Oral and Intravenous Glucose Challenges"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Ghazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Sherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevan C.","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031222094826000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91194-9","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man","volume":"2","author":"Kreymann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on islet function and insulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"82","author":"Ahr\u00e9n","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B3","first-page":"327","article-title":"Gastric emptying, glucose responses, and insulin secretion after a liquid test meal: effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-(7-36) amide in type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetic patients","volume":"81","author":"Willms","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2628","article-title":"Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Buse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1335","article-title":"Improved glycemic control with no weight increase in patients with type 2 diabetes after once-daily treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide (NN2211): a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Madsbad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B6"},{"key":"2022031222094826000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2534-0","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. 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