{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1792532881264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2755,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine acute effects of intranasal insulin on regional cerebral perfusion and cognition in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention evaluating the effects of a single 40-IU dose of insulin or saline on vasoreactivity and cognition in 15 DM and 14 control subjects. Measurements included regional perfusion, vasodilatation to hypercapnia with 3-Tesla MRI, and neuropsychological evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intranasal insulin administration was well tolerated and did not affect systemic glucose levels. No serious adverse events were reported. Across all subjects, intranasal insulin improved visuospatial memory (P \u2264 0.05). In the DM group, an increase of perfusion after insulin administration was greater in the insular cortex compared with the control group (P = 0.0003). Cognitive performance after insulin administration was related to regional vasoreactivity. Improvements of visuospatial memory after insulin administration in the DM group (R2adjusted = 0.44, P = 0.0098) and in the verbal fluency test in the control group (R2adjusted = 0.64, P = 0.0087) were correlated with vasodilatation in the middle cerebral artery territory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intranasal insulin administration appears safe, does not affect systemic glucose control, and may provide acute improvements of cognitive function in patients with type 2 DM, potentially through vasoreactivity mechanisms. Intranasal insulin-induced changes in cognitive function may be related to vasodilatation in the anterior brain regions, such as insular cortex that regulates attention-related task performance. Larger studies are warranted to identify long-term effects and predictors of positive cognitive response to intranasal insulin therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T03:28:59Z","timestamp":1381202939000},"page":"751-759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Enhancement of Vasoreactivity and Cognition by Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Novak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Milberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center\u2013Boston Division, 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