{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:40:12Z","timestamp":1791582012150,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2755,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium is testing interventions designed to preserve or improve \u03b2-cell function in prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u03b2-Cell function is measured using hyperglycemic clamps and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). The adult medication protocol randomizes participants to 12 months of placebo, metformin alone, liraglutide plus metformin, or insulin (3 months) followed by metformin (9 months). The pediatric medication protocol randomizes participants to metformin or insulin followed by metformin. The adult surgical protocol randomizes participants to gastric banding or metformin (24 months). Adult medication protocol inclusion criteria include fasting plasma glucose 95\u2013125 mg\/dL (5.3\u20136.9 mmol\/L), OGTT 2-h glucose \u2265140 mg\/dL (\u22657.8 mmol\/L), HbA1c 5.8\u20137.0% (40\u201353 mmol\/mol), and BMI 25\u201340 kg\/m2. Adult surgical protocol criteria are similar, except for fasting plasma glucose \u226590 mg\/dL (\u22655.0 mmol\/L), BMI 30\u201340 kg\/m2, HbA1c &amp;lt;7.0% (&amp;lt;53 mmol\/mol), and diabetes duration &amp;lt;12 months. Pediatric inclusion criteria include fasting plasma glucose \u226590 mg\/dL (\u22655.0 mmol\/L), 2-h glucose \u2265140 mg\/dL (\u22657.8 mmol\/L), HbA1c \u22648.0% (\u226464 mmol\/mol), BMI &amp;gt;85th percentile and \u226450 kg\/m2, 10\u201319 years of age, and diabetes &amp;lt;6 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary outcomes are clamp-derived glucose-stimulated C-peptide secretion and maximal C-peptide response to arginine during hyperglycemia. Measurements are made at baseline, after 12 months on treatment, and 3 months after treatment withdrawal (medication protocols) or 24 months postintervention (surgery protocol). OGTT-derived measures are also obtained at these time points.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RISE is determining whether medication or surgical intervention strategies can mitigate progressive \u03b2-cell dysfunction in adults and youth with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T03:45:13Z","timestamp":1383709513000},"page":"780-788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE): Design of Studies of \u03b2-Cell Preservation in Prediabetes and Early Type 2 Diabetes Across the Life Span"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"name":"The RISE Consortium","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031220254949700_B1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011 [internet], 2011. Atlanta, GA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/pubs\/pdf\/ndfs_2011.pdf. 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