{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:03:56Z","timestamp":1782601436013,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and small HDL particle size may directly promote hyperglycemia. We evaluated associations of HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and HDL-C\/apoA-I with insulin secretion, insulin resistance, HbA1c, and long-term glycemic deterioration, reflected by initiation of pharmacologic glucose control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 5-year Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study followed 9,795 type 2 diabetic subjects. We calculated baseline associations of fasting HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C\/apoA-I with HbA1c and, in those not taking exogenous insulin (n = 8,271), with estimated \u03b2-cell function (homeostasis model assessment of \u03b2-cell function [HOMA-B]) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Among the 2,608 subjects prescribed lifestyle only, Cox proportional hazards analysis evaluated associations of HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C\/apoA-I with subsequent initiation of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) or insulin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted for age and sex, baseline HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C\/apoA-I were inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = \u22120.233, \u22120.134, and \u22120.230; all P &amp;lt; 0.001; n = 8,271) but not related to HbA1c (all P &amp;gt; 0.05; n = 9,795). ApoA-I was also inversely associated with HOMA-B (r = \u22120.063; P = 0.002; n = 8,271) adjusted for age, sex, and HOMA-IR. Prospectively, lower baseline HDL-C and HDL-C\/apoA-I levels predicted greater uptake (per 1-SD lower: hazard ratio [HR] 1.13 [CI 1.07\u20131.19], P &amp;lt; 0.001; and HR 1.16 [CI 1.10\u20131.23], P &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) and earlier uptake (median 12.9 and 24.0 months, respectively, for quartile 1 vs. quartile 4; both P &amp;lt; 0.01) of OHAs and insulin, with no difference in HbA1c thresholds for initiation (P = 0.87 and P = 0.81). Controlling for HOMA-IR and triglycerides lessened both associations, but HDL-C\/apoA-I remained significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C\/apoA-I were associated with concurrent insulin resistance but not HbA1c. However, lower HDL-C and HDL-C\/apoA-I predicted greater and earlier need for pharmacologic glucose control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T21:09:00Z","timestamp":1399496940000},"page":"2351-2358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["HDL-C and HDL-C\/ApoA-I Predict Long-Term Progression of Glycemia in Established Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5312-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Waldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia J.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.E.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja-Riitta","family":"Taskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Research Programs Unit Diabetes and Obesity, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid and Diabetes Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val J.","family":"Gebski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin K.C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Keech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031219534090800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1100","article-title":"The natural course of beta-cell function in nondiabetic and diabetic individuals: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"55","author":"Festa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031219534090800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S301","article-title":"Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031219534090800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1961","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of low HDL cholesterol among primary care patients with type 2 diabetes: an unmet challenge for cardiovascular risk reduction","volume":"30","author":"Grant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031219534090800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1790","article-title":"Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031219534090800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7134.823","article-title":"Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23)","volume":"316","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031219534090800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440210043030","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals. 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