{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:14:07Z","timestamp":1791155647994,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Altered immune reactivity precedes and accompanies type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the metabolic phenotype relates to the systemic cellular immune status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 194 metabolically well-controlled patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 62, mean diabetes duration 1.29 years) or type 2 diabetes (n = 132, 1.98 years) and 60 normoglycemic persons underwent blood sampling for automated white blood cell counting (WBC) and flow cytometry. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher WBC counts than control subjects along with a higher percentage of T cells and activated T helper (Th) and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells but lower proportions of natural killer (NK) cells. In type 1 diabetes, the percentage of activated Th and Tc cells was also higher compared with control subjects, whereas the ratio of regulatory T (Treg) cells to activated Th cells was lower, suggesting diminished regulatory capacity. Parameters of glycemic control related positively to Treg cells only in type 2 diabetes. Upon age, sex, and body mass adjustments, insulin sensitivity correlated positively with monocytes, while circulating lipids correlated positively with T cell subsets in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immune cell phenotypes showed distinct frequencies of occurrence in both diabetes types and associate with insulin sensitivity, glycemia, and lipidemia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T20:54:31Z","timestamp":1406235271000},"page":"2326-2333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Leukocyte Profiles Differ Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and Are Associated With Metabolic Phenotypes: Results From the German Diabetes Study (GDS)"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Menart-Houtermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"R\u00fctter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Rosenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysi","family":"Koliaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, 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Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Clinics D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette C.","family":"Schloot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf, 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