{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:09:46Z","timestamp":1789006186443,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK071891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK071891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS058700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS058700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS075107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS075107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Albuminuria and reduced kidney function are associated with cognitive impairment. Relationships between nephropathy and cerebral structural changes remain poorly defined, particularly in African Americans (AAs), a population at higher risk for both cognitive impairment and diabetes than European Americans. We examined the relationship between urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cerebral MRI volumes in 263 AAs with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional associations between renal parameters and white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), hippocampal, and WM lesion (WML) volumes were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for age, education, sex, BMI, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants had a mean (SD) age of 60.2 years (9.7 years), and 62.7% were female. Mean diabetes duration was 14.3 years (8.9 years), HbA1c level was 8.2% (2.2%; 66 mmol\/mol), eGFR was 86.0 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 (23.2 mL\/min\/1.73 m2), and UACR was 155.8 mg\/g (542.1 mg\/g; median 8.1 mg\/g). Those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR &amp;lt;60 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 or UACR &amp;gt;30 mg\/g) had smaller GM and higher WML volumes. Higher UACR was significantly associated with higher WML volume and greater atrophy (larger cerebrospinal fluid volumes), and smaller GM and hippocampal WM volumes. A higher eGFR was associated with larger hippocampal WM volumes. Consistent with higher WML volumes, participants with CKD had significantly poorer processing speed and working memory. These findings were independent of glycemic control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found albuminuria to be a better marker of cerebral structural changes than eGFR in AAs with type 2 diabetes. Relationships between albuminuria and brain pathology may contribute to poorer cognitive performance in patients with mild CKD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]],"date-time":"2014-09-10T05:03:55Z","timestamp":1410325435000},"page":"206-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cerebral Structural Changes in Diabetic Kidney Disease: African American\u2013Diabetes Heart Study MIND"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Kaycee M.","family":"Sink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Divers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Whitlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiologic Sciences, Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholette D.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"},{"name":"Center for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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