{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:43:08Z","timestamp":1788824588077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":261,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/site\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010390","name":"Saint Louis University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["President\u2019s Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["President\u2019s Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK080886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK080886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK56341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK56341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR024992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR024992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is not known whether calorie restriction (CR) has additive benefits to those from exercise (EX)-induced weight loss. We hypothesized that weight loss from CR and EX (CREX) improves insulin sensitivity more than matched weight loss induced by EX or CR alone and that the incretin system may be involved in adaptations to CR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sedentary, overweight men and women (n = 52, 45\u201365 years of age) were randomized to undergo 6\u20138% weight loss by using CR, EX, or CREX. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, and incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]) were measured during frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance tests (FSOGTTs). Incretin effects on insulin secretion were measured by comparing insulin secretion rates from the FSOGTTs to those from a glycemia-matched glucose infusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite similar weight losses in all groups, insulin sensitivity index values increased twofold more in the CREX group (2.09 \u00b1 0.35 \u03bcM\/kg\/pM \u00d7 100) than in the CR (0.89 \u00b1 0.39 \u03bcM\/kg\/pM \u00d7 100) and EX (1.04 \u00b1 0.39 \u03bcM\/kg\/pM \u00d7 100) groups. Postprandial GLP-1 concentrations decreased only in the CR group (P = 0.04); GIP concentrations decreased in all groups. Incretin effects on insulin secretion were unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CR and EX have additive beneficial effects on glucoregulation. Furthermore, the adaptations to CR may involve reductions in postprandial GLP-1 concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of promoting both CR and EX for optimal health. However, because data from participants who withdrew from the study and from those who did not adhere to the intervention were excluded, the results may be limited to individuals who are capable of adhering to a healthy lifestyle intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T22:51:33Z","timestamp":1429138293000},"page":"1253-1262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Edward P.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional 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Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031220350004500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.5.1033","article-title":"Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031220350004500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J 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