{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:57:08Z","timestamp":1791140228484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":227,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/site\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01-DK-061212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DK-061212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children whose parents have diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. This report assessed relationships between parental diabetes status and baseline demographics, anthropometrics, metabolic measurements, insulin sensitivity, and \u03b2-cell function in children recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample included 632 youth (aged 10\u201317 years) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for &amp;lt;2 years who participated in the TODAY clinical trial. Medical history data were collected at baseline by self-report from parents and family members. Youth baseline measurements included an oral glucose tolerance test and other measures collected by trained study staff.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Youth exposed to maternal diabetes during pregnancy (whether the mother was diagnosed with diabetes prior to pregnancy or had gestational diabetes mellitus) were diagnosed at younger ages (by 0.6 years on average), had greater dysglycemia at baseline (HbA1c increased by 0.3% [3.4 mmol\/mol]), and had reduced \u03b2-cell function compared with those not exposed (C-peptide index 0.063 vs. 0.092). The effect of maternal diabetes on \u03b2-cell function was observed in non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics but not whites. Relationships with paternal diabetes status were minimal.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal diabetes prior to or during pregnancy was associated with poorer glycemic control and \u03b2-cell function overall but particularly in non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth, supporting the hypothesis that fetal exposure to aberrant metabolism may have long-term effects. More targeted research is needed to understand whether the impact of maternal diabetes is modified by racial\/ethnic factors or whether the pathway to youth-onset type 2 diabetes differs by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]],"date-time":"2015-11-18T02:49:24Z","timestamp":1447814964000},"page":"110-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Relationship Between Parental Diabetes and Presentation of Metabolic and Glycemic Function in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: Baseline Findings From the TODAY Trial"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Chernausek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva","family":"Arslanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth C.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"El ghormli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela B.","family":"Koontz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carisse M.","family":"Orsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Wilfley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031220540829600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3201","article-title":"Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009","volume":"311","author":"Dabelea","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1596","article-title":"High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Clausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01979.x","article-title":"Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation?","volume":"23","author":"McLean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0769","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes in utero and age at offspring\u2019s diagnosis of type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Pettitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0285-5","article-title":"Reduced beta cell function in offspring of mothers with young-onset type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0823","article-title":"Gestational glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes in young Pima Indian offspring","volume":"55","author":"Franks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2417","article-title":"Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study","volume":"31","author":"Dabelea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2208","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships","volume":"49","author":"Dabelea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1536","article-title":"Insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic \u03b2-cell function in adult offspring of women with diabetes in pregnancy","volume":"98","author":"Kelstrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2721","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in the offspring of type 2 diabetic patients: impact of line of inheritance","volume":"95","author":"Natali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109333","article-title":"A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes","volume":"366","author":"Zeitler","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2393","article-title":"Parental characteristics associated with outcomes in youth with type 2 diabetes: results from the TODAY clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Weinstock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00237.x","article-title":"Treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the comparative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglitazone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Zeitler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1642","article-title":"Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline","volume":"96","author":"Copeland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2393","article-title":"Effects of metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, and metformin plus lifestyle on insulin sensitivity and \u03b2-cell function in TODAY","volume":"36","author":"TODAY Study Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8498","article-title":"Contribution of insulin secretion and clearance to glucose-induced insulin concentration in African-American and Caucasian children","volume":"87","author":"Gower","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2813","article-title":"Surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity in obese youth along the spectrum of glucose tolerance from normal to prediabetes to diabetes","volume":"96","author":"George","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2404-1","article-title":"Association of HbA1c levels with vascular complications and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence of glycaemic thresholds","volume":"55","author":"Zoungas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031220540829600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0472","article-title":"Effect of parental type 2 diabetes on offspring with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Thorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.2337\/dc15-1557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/110\/624197\/dc151557.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/110\/624197\/dc151557.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T22:55:36Z","timestamp":1647125736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/39\/1\/110\/31700\/Relationship-Between-Parental-Diabetes-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1557","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]}}}