{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:18:53Z","timestamp":1781655533026,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":246,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/site\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HL118132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HL118132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK078542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK078542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Youth with type 1 diabetes have worse cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and higher carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) than their peers without diabetes. Whether the burden of CV risk factors over time is associated with carotid IMT at follow-up in youth with type 1 diabetes is not known.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two hundred ninety-eight youth with type 1 diabetes (mean age 13.3 \u00b1 2.9 years, 87.6% non-Hispanic white, 53.7% male) had two study visits 5 years apart. CV risk factors, including BMI, lipids, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and smoking status, were assessed at both visits, and carotid IMT was measured at follow-up using B-mode ultrasonography. Linear regression models with an area under the curve measurement that incorporated the baseline and follow-up CV risk factors were used to evaluate the relationship with carotid IMT at follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All CV risk factors worsened significantly over time (except LDL cholesterol) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). From baseline to follow-up, the number of abnormal CV risk factors also increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Predictors of carotid IMT were older age, male sex, and higher BMI z score area under the curve (all P &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The CV risk factor burden increases over time in youth with type 1 diabetes. BMI z score was the only modifiable CV risk factor that predicted carotid IMT. This study highlights the critical need to better understand the risk factors that influence carotid IMT early in the course of type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T03:48:43Z","timestamp":1451533723000},"page":"418-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Predictors of Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH CVD Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Amy S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora F.","family":"Fino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Paul","family":"Wadwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ralph","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santica","family":"Marcovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine M.","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031301055332300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0120-4","article-title":"All-cause mortality rates in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with a non-diabetic population from the UK general practice research database, 1992-1999","volume":"49","author":"Soedamah-Muthu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.13.9.1291","article-title":"Natural history of aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions in youth. Findings from the PDAY Study","volume":"13","author":"Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18L","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02957-0","article-title":"Intima-media thickness: a tool for atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction","volume":"90","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116078","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study","volume":"134","author":"Heiss","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.9.1155","article-title":"Use of sonography to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009302","article-title":"Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993","volume":"146","author":"Chambless","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875","article-title":"Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Lorenz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2868","article-title":"Age of onset of type 1 diabetes in children and carotid intima medial thickness","volume":"92","author":"Dalla Pozza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.01.014","article-title":"Arterial stiffness, carotid artery intima-media thickness and plasma myeloperoxidase level in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Heilman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0923","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability is associated with increased arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study","volume":"36","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27602","article-title":"Poor vitamin C status is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness, decreased microvascular function, and delayed myocardial repolarization in young patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"90","author":"Odermarsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-88","article-title":"Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and large artery structure and function in young subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Palombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0922","article-title":"Carotid intima-media thickness in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Rabago Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-53","article-title":"The effect of cardiovascular risk factors on the longitudinal evolution of the carotid intima medial thickness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Dalla Pozza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0574","article-title":"The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study: rationale, findings, and future directions","volume":"37","author":"Hamman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0851","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study","volume":"36","author":"Dabelea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.02.004","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study","volume":"29","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.024","article-title":"Smoking and arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Cardiovascular Disease Study","volume":"165","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B19","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development","volume":"2002","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 11"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S003","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20132015: summary of revisions","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JCN.0000267827.50320.85","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research","volume":"22","author":"Kavey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000094","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"130","author":"Maahs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000060460.52916.D6","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events","volume":"23","author":"Oliver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-012-9363-x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in young people with type 1 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Snell-Bergeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1911-9","article-title":"Development, validation and use of an insulin sensitivity score in youths with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study","volume":"54","author":"Dabelea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B26","first-page":"51S","article-title":"Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults\u2013the evidence report [published correction appears in Obes Res 1998;6:464]","volume":"6","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee","volume":"854","year":"1995","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.225","article-title":"Improvement in HOMA-IR is an independent predictor of reduced carotid intima-media thickness in obese adolescents participating in an interdisciplinary weight-loss program","volume":"34","author":"de Lima Sanches","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0302","article-title":"Intima-media thickness in obese children before and after weight loss","volume":"118","author":"Wunsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0915","article-title":"Levels of oxidized LDL and advanced glycation end products-modified LDL in circulating immune complexes are strongly associated with increased levels of carotid intima-media thickness and its progression in type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Lopes-Virella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntn010","article-title":"The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status","volume":"11","author":"Connor Gorber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.023","article-title":"Contrast of the impact of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on the femoral and carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"216","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1756","article-title":"Insulin resistance in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and its relationship to cardiovascular function","volume":"95","author":"Nadeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2877","article-title":"Longitudinal association between endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and clotting biomarkers with subclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes: an evaluation of the DCCT\/EDIC cohort","volume":"38","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.04.065","article-title":"Lipid abnormalities are prevalent in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study","volume":"149","author":"Kershnar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02518.x","article-title":"Longitudinal screening of serum lipids in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in a UK clinic population","volume":"25","author":"Edge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2010.00733.x","article-title":"A longitudinal assessment of lipids in youth with type 1 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Reh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301055332300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.2337\/dc15-1963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/3\/418\/625294\/dc151963.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/3\/418\/625294\/dc151963.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T04:43:14Z","timestamp":1647146594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/39\/3\/418\/37191\/Predictors-of-Increased-Carotid-Intima-Media"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1963","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]}}}