{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:13:29Z","timestamp":1787314409739,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/site\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre","award":["A019057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A019057"]}]},{"name":"Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether fetal overgrowth precedes the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to quantify the interrelationships among fetal overgrowth, GDM, and maternal obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study of unselected nulliparous women and performed ultrasonic measurement of the fetal abdominal circumference (AC) and head circumference (HC) at 20 and 28 weeks of gestational age (wkGA). Exposures were diagnosis of GDM \u226528 wkGA and maternal obesity. The risk of AC &amp;gt;90th and HC-to-AC ratio &amp;lt;10th percentile was modeled using log-binomial regression, adjusted for maternal characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 4,069 women, 171 (4.2%) were diagnosed with GDM at \u226528 wkGA. There was no association between fetal biometry at 20 wkGA and subsequent maternal diagnosis of GDM. However, at 28 wkGA, there was an increased risk of AC &amp;gt;90th percentile (adjusted relative risk 2.05 [95% CI 1.37\u20133.07]) and HC-to-AC ratio &amp;lt;10th percentile (1.97 [1.30\u20132.99]). Maternal obesity showed similar associations at 28 wkGA (2.04 [1.62\u20132.56] and 1.46 [1.12\u20131.90], respectively). The combination of GDM and obesity was associated with an approximately fivefold risk of AC &amp;gt;90th (4.52 [2.98\u20136.85]) and approximately threefold risk of HC-to-AC ratio &amp;lt;10th percentile (2.80 [1.64\u20134.78]) at 28 wkGA. Fetal AC &amp;gt;90th percentile at 28 weeks was associated with an approximately fourfold risk of being large for gestational age at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of GDM is preceded by excessive growth of the fetal AC between 20 and 28 wkGA, and its effects on fetal growth are additive with the effects of maternal obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T15:01:52Z","timestamp":1460127712000},"page":"982-987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Accelerated Fetal Growth Prior to Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study of Nulliparous Women"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0799-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla","family":"Sovio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen R.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon C.S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031220075134100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2905","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"160","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23987","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.23987","article-title":"The burden of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Kanguru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000433006.09219.f1","article-title":"Practice Bulletin No. 137: Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus","author":"Hartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"352","author":"Crowther","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Landon","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1810","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on obesity in the next generation","volume":"33","author":"Gillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2159","article-title":"Mild gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term child health","volume":"38","author":"Landon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-51","article-title":"Study protocol. A prospective cohort study of unselected primiparous women: the pregnancy outcome prediction study","volume":"8","author":"Pasupathy","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00131-2","article-title":"Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study","volume":"386","author":"Sovio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B11"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13006.x","article-title":"Charts of fetal size: 1. Methodology","volume":"101","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61490-2","article-title":"International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.1.17","article-title":"Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990","volume":"73","author":"Freeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0533","article-title":"Random blood glucose measurement at antenatal booking to screen for overt diabetes in pregnancy: a retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Church","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B18","volume-title":"NICE Guideline: Diabetes in Pregnancy","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.193","article-title":"Determinants of fetal growth at different periods of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"26","author":"Schaefer-Graf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.05.023","article-title":"Serial fetal abdominal circumference measurements in predicting normal birth weight in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"170","author":"Neff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-5908-0.00044-2","article-title":"Diabetes","volume-title":"High Risk Pregnancy: Management Options","author":"Fraser","year":"2011","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031220075134100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03254.x","article-title":"Glucose challenge test for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.2337\/dc16-0160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/982\/626581\/dc160160.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/982\/626581\/dc160160.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T04:33:04Z","timestamp":1748838784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/39\/6\/982\/29623\/Accelerated-Fetal-Growth-Prior-to-Diagnosis-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-0160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]}}}