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Moreover, metformin alone was less effective in NHB versus NHW versus H youth. This study describes treatment-associated changes in adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and \u03b2-cell function over time among the three racial\/ethnic groups to understand potential mechanism(s) responsible for this racial\/ethnic disparity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>TODAY participants underwent periodic oral glucose tolerance tests to determine insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (oDI), with measurements of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMWA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline NHB had significantly lower HMWA than NHW and H and exhibited a significantly smaller increase (17.3% vs. 33.7% vs. 29.9%, respectively) during the first 6 months overall. Increases in HMWA were associated with reductions in glycemic failure in the three racial\/ethnic groups combined (hazard ratio 0.61, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and in each race\/ethnicity separately. Over time, HMWA was significantly lower in those who failed versus did not fail treatment, irrespective of race\/ethnicity. There were no differences in treatment-associated temporal changes in insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oDI among the three racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>HMWA is a reliable biomarker of treatment response in youth with type 2 diabetes. The diminutive treatment-associated increase in HMWA in NHB (\u223c50% lower) compared with NHW and H may explain the observed racial\/ethnic disparity with higher therapeutic failure rates in NHB in TODAY.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T01:44:52Z","timestamp":1478051092000},"page":"85-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Adiponectin, Insulin Sensitivity, \u03b2-Cell Function, and Racial\/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment Failure Rates in TODAY"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Silva","family":"Arslanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"El ghormli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center, George 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