{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:38:54Z","timestamp":1787827134394,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rose Hastings and Russell Standley Memorial Trusts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Both basal and postprandial elevations contribute to the hyperglycemic exposure of diabetes, but current therapies are mainly effective in controlling the basal component. Inability to control postprandial hyperglycemia limits success in maintaining overall glycemic control beyond the first 5 to 10 years after diagnosis, and it is also related to the weight gain that is common during insulin therapy. The \u201cprandial problem\u201d\u2014comprising abnormalities of glucose and other metabolites, weight gain, and risk of hypoglycemia\u2014deserves more attention. Several approaches to prandial abnormalities have recently been studied, but the patient populations for which they are best suited and the best ways of using them remain incompletely defined. Encouragingly, several proof-of-concept studies suggest that short-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists or the amylin agonist pramlintide can be very effective in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes in specific settings. This article reviews these topics and proposes that a greater proportion of available resources be directed to basic and clinical research on the prandial problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T20:50:13Z","timestamp":1487710213000},"page":"291-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Basal Glucose Can Be Controlled, but the Prandial Problem Persists\u2014It\u2019s the Next Target!"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Riddle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031301491497300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.8.1020","article-title":"Measurement of plasma glucose, free fatty acid, lactate, and insulin for 24 h in patients with NIDDM","volume":"37","author":"Reaven","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90331-7","article-title":"Effect of glyburide on beta cell responsiveness to glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"89","author":"O\u2019Meara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.6.676","article-title":"Evening insulin strategy","volume":"13","author":"Riddle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9325-8","article-title":"Near normal HbA1c with stable glucose homeostasis: the ultimate target\/aim of diabetes therapy","volume":"17","author":"Monnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881","article-title":"Contributions of fasting and postprandial glucose increments to overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"26","author":"Monnier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.03.012","article-title":"Residual dysglycemia when at target HbA(1c) of 7% (53 mmol\/mol) in persons with type 2 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Monnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0632","article-title":"Contributions of basal and postprandial hyperglycemia over a wide range of A1C levels before and after treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Riddle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0132-0","article-title":"Insulin glargine or NPH combined with metformin in type 2 diabetes: the LANMET study","volume":"49","author":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12096","article-title":"Baseline HbA1c predicts attainment of 7.0% HbA1c target with structured titration of insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a patient-level analysis of 12 studies","volume":"15","author":"Riddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203858","article-title":"Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia","volume":"367","author":"Gerstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2238","article-title":"Characteristics associated with maintenance of mean A1C&lt;6.5% in people with dysglycemia in the ORIGIN trial","volume":"36","author":"ORIGIN Trial Investigators","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1329","article-title":"Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial","volume":"38","author":"ORIGIN Trial Investigators","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003795","article-title":"ADVANCE Collaborative Group","volume":"363","author":"Zoungas","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht332","article-title":"Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial","volume":"34","author":"ORIGIN Trial Investigators","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12032","article-title":"Hypoglycaemia risk with insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in type 2 and type 1 diabetes: a pre-planned meta-analysis of phase 3 trials","volume":"15","author":"Ratner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12485","article-title":"Roussel R, Bolli GB,","volume":"17","author":"Ritzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.04.003","article-title":"Reduced risk of hypoglycemia with once-daily glargine versus twice-daily NPH and number needed to harm with NPH to demonstrate the risk of one additional hypoglycemic event in type 2 diabetes: evidence from a long-term controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12329","article-title":"Modulation of insulin dose titration using a hypoglycaemia-sensitive algorithm: insulin glargine versus neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Home","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70174-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Gough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1984","article-title":"Contrasting effects of lixisenatide and liraglutide on postprandial glycemic control, gastric emptying, and safety parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes on optimized insulin glargine with or without metformin: a randomized, open-label trial","volume":"38","author":"Meier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61206-4","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study","volume":"372","author":"Drucker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12626","article-title":"Clinical inertia with regard to intensifying therapy in people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin","volume":"18","author":"Khunti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2258","article-title":"The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988\u20132010","volume":"36","author":"Stark Casagrande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414266","article-title":"Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"372","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2283","article-title":"Nine-year effects of 3.7 years of intensive glycemic control on cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"39","author":"ACCORD Study Group","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905479","article-title":"Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Holman","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12225","article-title":"Randomized, 1-year comparison of three ways to initiate and advance insulin for type 2 diabetes: twice-daily premixed insulin versus basal insulin with either basal-plus one prandial insulin or basal-bolus up to three prandial injections","volume":"16","author":"Riddle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1267","article-title":"Emerging therapies mimicking the effects of amylin and glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"29","author":"Riddle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-9028","article-title":"From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"Defronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60614-4","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management","volume":"378","author":"Nolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1396","article-title":"Glucose variability","volume":"62","author":"Service","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814551046","article-title":"Evaluating quality of glycemic control: graphical displays of hypo- and hyperglycemia, time in target range, and mean glucose","volume":"9","author":"Rodbard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2035","article-title":"Glucose variability: timing, risk analysis, and relationship to hypoglycemia in diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0051","article-title":"Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP)","volume":"15","author":"Bergenstal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-S008","article-title":"Glycemic targets. Sec. 5. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142016","volume":"39","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2007.0293","article-title":"Characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mazze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2898","article-title":"Glycemic variability and diabetes complications: Does it matter? Of course it does!","volume":"38","author":"Hirsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0686","article-title":"Metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes: changing the landscape of diabetes care","volume":"39","author":"Cefalu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0145","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetes improvement following bariatric\/metabolic surgery","volume":"39","author":"Batterham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0382","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of metabolic surgery: efficacy of glycemic control, weight loss, and remission of diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Schauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0236","article-title":"Delegates of the 2nd Diabetes Surgery Summit","volume":"39","author":"Rubino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00004","article-title":"The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A multicenter controlled clinical trial","volume":"121","author":"Chiasson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.11.005","article-title":"Acarbose in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Delorme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B44"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.733","article-title":"When basal insulin therapy is not enough: what next?","volume":"23","author":"Raccah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01459.x","article-title":"Effects of initiation and titration of a single pre-prandial dose of insulin glulisine while continuing titrated insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a 6-month \u2018proof-of-concept\u2019 study","volume":"13","author":"Owens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B47"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600402","article-title":"Ultrafast-acting insulins: state of the art","volume":"6","author":"Heinemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600406","article-title":"Coverage of prandial insulin requirements by means of an ultra-rapid-acting inhaled insulin","volume":"6","author":"Boss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2449","article-title":"Design considerations for artificial pancreas pivotal studies","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2468","article-title":"Multinational home use of closed-loop control is safe and effective","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2078","article-title":"Day-and-night hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Tauschmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12107","article-title":"A review of artificial pancreas technologies with an emphasis on bi-hormonal therapy","volume":"15","author":"Bakhtiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0321-6","article-title":"Liraglutide: a review of its use in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0420-z","article-title":"Exenatide extended-release: an updated review of its use in type 2 diabetes","volume":"75","author":"Syed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-015-0143-4","article-title":"Dulaglutide: a review in type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Burness","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0370-5","article-title":"Albiglutide: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"75","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0172-6","article-title":"Exenatide twice daily: a review of its use in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"McCormack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-013-0057-y","article-title":"Lixisenatide: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.2.173","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Kolterman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03020.x","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Ratner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B62","first-page":"203","article-title":"Review of pramlintide as adjunctive therapy in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-00300","article-title":"Use of twice-daily exenatide in basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"154","author":"Buse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0876","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist or bolus insulin with optimized basal insulin in type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Diamant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2782","article-title":"Glucose variability in a 26-week randomized comparison of mealtime treatment with rapid-acting insulin versus GLP-1 agonist in participants with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk","volume":"39","author":"FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2462","article-title":"Adding once-daily lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with newly initiated and continuously titrated basal insulin glargine: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study (GetGoal-Duo 1)","volume":"36","author":"Riddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0014","article-title":"GetGoal Duo-2 Trial Investigators","volume":"39","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0395","article-title":"Randomized comparison of pramlintide or mealtime insulin added to basal insulin treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Riddle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509225","article-title":"Lixisenatide for patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome","volume":"373","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.8.816","article-title":"Properties of pramlintide and insulin upon mixing","volume":"62","author":"Weyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12504","article-title":"Fixed ratio dosing of pramlintide with regular insulin before a standard meal in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Riddle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1856","article-title":"Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite","volume":"361","author":"Chaudhri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3449","article-title":"Evolving concepts and translational relevance of enteroendocrine cell biology","volume":"101","author":"Drucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B75","first-page":"31","article-title":"The Technology of Medicine","volume-title":"The Lives of a Cell. Notes of a Biology Watcher","author":"Thomas","year":"1974"},{"key":"2022031301491497300_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4015-3","article-title":"Novel phenotypes of prediabetes?","volume":"59","author":"H\u00e4ring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-er08b","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000}}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.2337\/dc16-2380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/291\/548822\/dc162380.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/291\/548822\/dc162380.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T05:51:01Z","timestamp":1647150661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/40\/3\/291\/36910\/Basal-Glucose-Can-Be-Controlled-but-the-Prandial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2380","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}}}