{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:19:12Z","timestamp":1790291952727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005075","name":"University Medical Center Groningen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diagnosing bone infection in the diabetic foot is challenging and often requires several diagnostic procedures, including advanced imaging. We compared the diagnostic performances of MRI, radiolabeled white blood cell (WBC) scintigraphy (either with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime [HMPAO] or 111In-oxine), and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG\u2013PET)\/computed tomography.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched Medline and Embase as of August 2016 for studies of diagnostic tests on patients known or suspected to have diabetes and a foot infection. We performed a systematic review using criteria recommended by the Cochrane Review of a database that included prospective and retrospective diagnostic studies performed on patients with diabetes in whom there was a clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis of the foot. The preferred reference standard was bone biopsy and subsequent pathological (or microbiological) examination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our review found 6,649 articles; 3,894 in Medline and 2,755 in Embase. A total of 27 full articles and 2 posters was selected for inclusion in the analysis. The performance characteristics for the 18F-FDG\u2013PET were: sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 92%; diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), 95; positive likelihood ratio (LR), 11; and negative LR, 0.11. For WBC scan with 111In-oxine, the values were: sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 75%; DOR, 34; positive LR, 3.6; and negative LR, 0.1. For WBC scan with 99mTc-HMPAO, the values were: sensitivity, 91%; specificity, 92%; DOR, 118; positive LR, 12; and negative LR, 0.1. Finally, for MRI, the values were: sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 75%; DOR, 37; positive LR, 3.66, and negative LR, 0.10.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The various modalities have similar sensitivity, but 18F-FDG\u2013PET and 99mTc-HMPAO\u2013labeled WBC scintigraphy offer the highest specificity. Larger prospective studies with a direct comparison among the different imaging techniques are required.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T19:45:21Z","timestamp":1500666321000},"page":"1111-1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Detection of Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot by Imaging Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing MRI, White Blood Cell Scintigraphy, and FDG-PET"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Lauri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menno","family":"Tamminga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andor W.J.M.","family":"Glaudemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Eduardo","family":"Ju\u00e1rez Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola A.","family":"Erba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Jutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Lipsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J.","family":"IJzerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Signore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5565-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riemer H.J.A.","family":"Slart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, 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