{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:44:05Z","timestamp":1790066645025,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":106,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-DK-109200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-DK-109200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-DA-034008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-DA-034008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Homelessness is associated with worse diabetes outcomes, but the relationship between other forms of unstable housing and diabetes is not well studied. We assessed whether unstable housing was associated with increased risk for diabetes-related emergency department use or hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey (HCPS), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of patients who receive care at federally funded safety-net health centers. We included nonhomeless adults (aged \u226518 years) with self-reported diabetes. Unstable housing was defined as not having enough money to pay rent or mortgage, moving two or more times in the past 12 months, or staying at a place one does not own or rent. The primary outcome was self-report of diabetes-related emergency department visit or inpatient hospitalization in the last 12 months. We also examined use of housing assistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1,087 participants, representing 3,277,165 adults with diabetes, 37% were unstably housed. Overall, 13.7% of participants reported a diabetes-related emergency department visit or hospitalization in the past year. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for multiple potential confounders, unstable housing was associated with greater odds of diabetes-related emergency department use or hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio 5.17 [95% CI 2.08\u201312.87]). Only 0.9% of unstably housed individuals reported receiving help with housing through their clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unstable housing is common and associated with increased risk of diabetes-related emergency department and inpatient use. Addressing unstable housing in clinical settings may help improve health care utilization for vulnerable individuals with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T20:21:19Z","timestamp":1515097279000},"page":"933-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Unstable Housing and Diabetes-Related Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalization: A Nationally Representative Study of Safety-Net Clinic Patients"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1030-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth A.","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Diabetes Population Health Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Kalkhoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of General Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utibe R.","family":"Essien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis P.","family":"Baggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031301185866300_B1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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