{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:44:43Z","timestamp":1790120683829,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03-AG-05572401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03-AG-05572401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004331","name":"Johnson & Johnson","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding how changes in weight over the life course shape risk for diabetes is critical for the prevention of diabetes. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we investigated the association between self-reported weight change from young adulthood to midlife and incident diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We categorized individuals into four weight-change groups: those who remained nonobese (stable nonobese), those who moved from an obese BMI to a nonobese BMI (losing), those who moved from a nonobese BMI to an obese BMI (gaining), and those who remained obese (stable obese). Diabetes status was determined by self-report of a prior diagnosis, and age at diagnosis was used to establish time of diabetes onset. Hazard ratios (HRs) relating weight change to incident diabetes over 10 years of follow-up were calculated using Cox models adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Those who were obese and lost weight exhibited a significantly lower risk (HR 0.33; 95% CI 0.14, 0.76) of diabetes compared with those with stable obesity. We also observed lower risk among those who were stable nonobese (HR 0.22; 95% CI 0.18, 0.28) and those in the gaining category (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57, 0.87). Further, there was evidence of an increased incidence of diabetes among obese individuals who lost weight compared with individuals who were stable nonobese; however, weight loss was rare, and the association was not statistically significant. If those who were obese had become nonobese during the 10-year period, we estimate that 9.1% (95% CI 5.3, 12.8) of observed diabetes cases could have been averted, and if the population had maintained a normal BMI during the period, 64.2% (95% CI 59.4, 68.3) of cases could have been averted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The findings from this study underscore the importance of population-level approaches to the prevention and treatment of obesity across the life course of individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T01:20:25Z","timestamp":1520299225000},"page":"1025-1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Obesity Progression Between Young Adulthood and Midlife and Incident Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study of U.S. Adults"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Stokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany F.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin F.","family":"Scamuffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Wen","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Ammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031301211023600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2074","article-title":"Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among U.S. adults: 1988-2010","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10029","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012","volume":"314","author":"Menke","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0170219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170219","article-title":"Deaths attributable to diabetes in the United States: comparison of data sources and estimation approaches","volume":"12","author":"Stokes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00035","article-title":"The evolving diabetes burden in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Engelgau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu212","article-title":"Incident diabetes and mobility limitations: reducing bias through risk-set matching","volume":"70","author":"Fishman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16885","article-title":"US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013","volume":"316","author":"Dieleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.05.031","article-title":"The contribution of rising adiposity to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United States","volume":"101","author":"Stokes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0335-4","article-title":"Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a US adult population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132006","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01336.x","article-title":"The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys","volume":"61","author":"Bays","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0945","article-title":"Does waist circumference predict diabetes and cardiovascular disease beyond commonly evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Janiszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7092","article-title":"Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life","volume":"318","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu052","article-title":"Overweight in early adulthood, adult weight change, and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers in men: a cohort study","volume":"179","author":"de Mutsert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq134","article-title":"Weight change and incident diabetes: addressing an unresolved issue","volume":"172","author":"Jacobs-van der Bruggen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.097964","article-title":"Association of weight change in different periods of adulthood with risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study","volume":"65","author":"Nanri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp433","article-title":"Incident diabetes in relation to weight patterns during middle age","volume":"171","author":"Waring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.10.005","article-title":"Ethnic differences in weight gain and diabetes risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"Morimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.957","article-title":"Body weight patterns from 20 to 49 years of age and subsequent risk for diabetes mellitus: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study","volume":"159","author":"Brancati","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.01.015","article-title":"The potential health and economic effect of a body mass index decrease in the overweight and obese population in Belgium","volume":"134","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001230","article-title":"Long-term risk of incident type 2 diabetes and measures of overall and regional obesity: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Langenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.427","article-title":"Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study","volume":"84","author":"Schienkiewitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.8.596","article-title":"Relation of weight gain and weight loss on subsequent diabetes risk in overweight adults","volume":"54","author":"Resnick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009256","article-title":"Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults","volume":"146","author":"Williamson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0536","article-title":"Timing and duration of obesity in relation to diabetes: findings from an ethnically diverse, nationally representative sample","volume":"36","author":"The NS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B25","first-page":"42","article-title":"Excess body mass index-years, a measure of degree and duration of excess weight, and risk for incident diabetes","volume":"166","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B26","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/about_nhanes.htm. Accessed 16 March 2017"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.15","article-title":"Use and misuse of population attributable fractions","volume":"88","author":"Rockhill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B28"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010001813","article-title":"The duration of obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Abdullah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1685","article-title":"Diabetes incidence based on linkages with health plans: the multiethnic cohort","volume":"58","author":"Maskarinec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq168","article-title":"Changes in weight at the end of life: characterizing weight loss by time to death in a cohort study of older men","volume":"172","author":"Alley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1390","article-title":"Weight history and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in three prospective cohort studies","volume":"166","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.10.005","article-title":"Validating a summary measure of weight history for modeling the health consequences of obesity","volume":"26","author":"Stokes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.6.1493","article-title":"Long-term memory of body weight and past weight satisfaction: a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"53","author":"Casey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199501000-00012","article-title":"The validity of self-reports of past body weights by U.S. adults","volume":"6","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010106","article-title":"Longitudinal change in height of men and women: implications for interpretation of the body mass index: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of aging","volume":"150","author":"Sorkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B37","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Relation between measured and recalled body height","volume":"312","author":"Heaney","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116777","article-title":"Remote recall of childhood height, weight, and body build by elderly subjects","volume":"138","author":"Must","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022031301211023600_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1272","article-title":"Identifying trends in undiagnosed diabetes in U.S. adults by using a confirmatory definition: a cross-sectional study","volume":"167","author":"Selvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/care.diabetesjournals.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.2337\/dc17-2336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/41\/5\/1025\/553603\/dc172336.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/41\/5\/1025\/553603\/dc172336.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1647148070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/41\/5\/1025\/36577\/Obesity-Progression-Between-Young-Adulthood-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-2336","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]}}}