{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:48:16Z","timestamp":1792788496794,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Topical corticosteroids (CSs) are commonly used to treat inflammatory skin conditions including eczema and psoriasis. Although topical CS package inserts describe hyperglycemia and glycosuria as adverse drug reactions, it is unclear whether topical CS use in real life is also associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two matched case-control studies and one cohort study were conducted using routinely collected health care data from Denmark and the U.K. A total of 115,218 and 54,944 adults were identified as case subjects with new-onset T2D in the Danish and U.K. case-control study, respectively. For the Danish cohort study, 2,689,473 adults were included. The main exposure was topical CSs, and the outcome was incident T2D.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Topical CS was significantly associated with T2D in the Danish (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.25 [95% CI 1.23\u20131.28]) and U.K. (adjusted OR 1.27 [95% CI 1.23\u20131.31]) case-control studies. Individuals who were exposed to topical CSs had significantly increased risk of incident T2D (adjusted hazard ratio 1.27 [95% CI 1.26\u20131.29]). We observed significant dose-response relationships between T2D and increasing potency of topical CSs in the two Danish studies. The results were consistent across all sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found a positive association between topical CS prescribing and incident T2D in Danish and U.K. adult populations. Clinicians should be cognizant of possible diabetogenic effects of potent topical CSs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T20:49:10Z","timestamp":1554151750000},"page":"1095-1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Association Between Topical Corticosteroid Use and Type 2 Diabetes in Two European Population-Based Adult Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6131-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki M.F.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Egeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K."},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Gran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hywel C.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick A.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip K.","family":"Knop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar H.","family":"Gislason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, 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