{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:28:27Z","timestamp":1787239707940,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune diseases can be diagnosed early through the detection of autoantibodies. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of organ-specific autoimmunity in individuals with a family history of type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study cohort included 2,441 first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes who were prospectively followed from birth to a maximum of 29.4 years (median 13.2 years). All were tested regularly for the development of autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes (islet), celiac disease (transglutaminase), or thyroid autoimmunity (thyroid peroxidase). The outcome was defined as an autoantibody-positive status on two consecutive samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 394 relatives developed one (n = 353) or more (n = 41) of the three disease-associated autoantibodies during follow-up. The risk by age 20 years was 8.0% (95% CI 6.8\u20139.2%) for islet autoantibodies, 6.3% (5.1\u20137.5%) for transglutaminase autoantibodies, 10.7% (8.9\u201312.5%) for thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies, and 21.5% (19.5\u201323.5%) for any of these autoantibodies. Each of the three disease-associated autoantibodies was defined by distinct HLA, sex, genetic, and age profiles. The risk of developing any of these autoantibodies was 56.5% (40.8\u201372.2%) in relatives with HLA DR3\/DR3 and 44.4% (36.6\u201352.2%) in relatives with HLA DR3\/DR4-DQ8.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes have a very high risk of organ-specific autoimmunity. Appropriate counseling and genetic and autoantibody testing for multiple autoimmune diseases may be warranted for relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T15:55:11Z","timestamp":1560873311000},"page":"1684-1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Age, HLA, and Sex Define a Marked Risk of Organ-Specific Autoimmunity in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"42","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01115621","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Christiane","family":"Winkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, 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