{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T12:40:58Z","timestamp":1782736858438,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN-333744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-333744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are uncertainties regarding the association between dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and bullous pemphigoid (BP), a potentially severe autoimmune skin disease. Thus, we conducted a population-based study to determine whether use of DPP-4 inhibitors, when compared with other second- to third-line antidiabetic drugs, is associated with an increased risk of BP in patients with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we conducted a cohort study among 168,774 patients initiating antidiabetic drugs between January 2007 and March 2018. Using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs of incident BP associated with current use of DPP-4 inhibitors, compared with current use of other second- to third-line antidiabetic drugs. We also conducted a propensity score\u2013matched analysis to assess the impact of residual confounding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During 711,311 person-years of follow-up, 150 patients were newly diagnosed with BP (crude incidence rate, 21.1 per 100,000 person-years). Current use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of BP (47.3 vs. 20.0 per 100,000 person-years; HR 2.21 [95% CI 1.45\u20133.38]). HRs gradually increased with longer durations of use, reaching a peak after 20 months (HR 3.60 [95% CI 2.11\u20136.16]). Similar results were obtained in the propensity score\u2013matched analysis (HR 2.40 [95% CI 1.13\u20134.66]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this large population-based study, use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with an at least doubling of the risk of BP in patients with type 2 diabetes, albeit the absolute risk was low.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T22:34:07Z","timestamp":1560206047000},"page":"1496-1503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors and the Risk of Bullous Pemphigoid Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Douros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Rouette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana Hoi Yun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6055-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian B.","family":"Filion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Azoulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031300224198700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S008","article-title":"8. 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