{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:46:16Z","timestamp":1789076776877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term influences of sex hormone administration on insulin sensitivity and incretin hormones are controversial. We investigated these effects in 35 transgender men (TM) and 55 transgender women (TW) from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI) study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before and after 1 year of gender-affirming hormone therapy, body composition and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In TM, body weight (2.8 \u00b1 1.0 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.01), fat-free mass (FFM) (3.1 \u00b1 0.9 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and waist-to-hip ratio (\u22120.03 \u00b1 0.01; P &amp;lt; 0.01) increased. Fasting insulin (\u22121.4 \u00b1 0.8 mU\/L; P = 0.08) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (2.2 \u00b1 0.3 vs. 1.8 \u00b1 0.2; P = 0.06) tended to decrease, whereas fasting glucose (\u22121.6 \u00b1 1.6 mg\/dL), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (\u22121.8 \u00b1 1.0 pmol\/L), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (\u22120.2 \u00b1 1.1 pmol\/L) were statistically unchanged. Post-OGTT areas under the curve (AUCs) for GIP (2,068 \u00b1 1,134 vs. 2,645 \u00b1 1,248 [pmol\/L] \u00d7 min; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and GLP-1 (2,352 \u00b1 796 vs. 2,712 \u00b1 1,015 [pmol\/L] \u00d7 min; P &amp;lt; 0.01) increased. In TW, body weight tended to increase (1.4 \u00b1 0.8 kg; P = 0.07) with decreasing FFM (\u22122.3 \u00b1 0.4 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and waist-to-hip ratio (\u22120.03 \u00b1 0.01; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Insulin (3.4 \u00b1 0.8 mU\/L; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and HOMA-IR (1.7 \u00b1 0.1 vs. 2.4 \u00b1 0.2; P &amp;lt; 0.01) rose, fasting GIP (\u22121.4 \u00b1 0.8 pmol\/L; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and AUC GIP dropped (2,524 \u00b1 178 vs. 1,911 \u00b1 162 [pmol\/L] \u00d7 min; P &amp;lt; 0.01), but fasting glucose (\u22120.3 \u00b1 1.4 mg\/dL), GLP-1 (1.3 \u00b1 0.8 pmol\/L), and AUC GLP-1 (2,956 \u00b1 180 vs. 2,864 \u00b1 93 [pmol\/L] \u00d7 min) remained unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort of transgender persons, insulin sensitivity but also post-OGTT incretin responses tend to increase with masculinization and to decrease with feminization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T17:55:12Z","timestamp":1574099712000},"page":"411-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Incretin Responses in Transgender People"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"43","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01072825","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samyah","family":"Shadid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kessewa","family":"Abosi-Appeadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"De Maertelaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Defreyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens","family":"Veldeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens J.","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical 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