{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:14:21Z","timestamp":1791350061230,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate physiological responses to cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing in adults with type 1 diabetes compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control participants without type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared results from CPX tests on a cycle ergometer in individuals with type 1 diabetes and control participants without type 1 diabetes. Parameters were peak and threshold variables of VO2, heart rate, and power output. Differences between groups were investigated through restricted maximum likelihood modeling and post hoc tests. Differences between groups were explained by stepwise linear regressions (P &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 303 individuals with type 1 diabetes (age 33 [interquartile range 22; 43] years, 93 females, BMI 23.6 [22; 26] kg\/m2, HbA1c 6.9% [6.2; 7.7%] [52 (44; 61) mmol\/mol]), VO2peak (32.55 [26.49; 38.72] vs. 42.67 \u00b1 10.44 mL\/kg\/min), peak heart rate (179 [170; 187] vs. 184 [175; 191] beats\/min), and peak power (216 [171; 253] vs. 245 [200; 300] W) were lower compared with 308 control participants without type 1 diabetes (all P &amp;lt; 0.001). Individuals with type 1 diabetes displayed an impaired degree and direction of the heart rate-to-performance curve compared with control participants without type 1 diabetes (0.07 [\u22120.75; 1.09] vs. 0.66 [\u22120.28; 1.45]; P &amp;lt; 0.001). None of the exercise physiological responses were associated with HbA1c in individuals with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with type 1 diabetes show altered responses to CPX testing, which cannot be explained by HbA1c. Intriguingly, the participants in our cohort were people with recent-onset type 1 diabetes; heart rate dynamics were altered during CPX testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T01:00:22Z","timestamp":1605229222000},"page":"240-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Differences in Physiological Responses to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"44","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01704417","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01055093","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02068638","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03451201","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02939768","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Max L.","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliano Boufleur","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Science Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Yardley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Bally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Zueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Stettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Boff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Children with Diabetes, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Hospital Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Reischak-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 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