{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:15:37Z","timestamp":1774059337356,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-DK-098246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DK-098246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U34-DK-088043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U34-DK-088043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated sex and racial differences in insulin sensitivity, \u03b2-cell function, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the associations with selected phenotypic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 3,108 GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study) participants. All had type 2 diabetes diagnosed &amp;lt;10 years earlier and were on metformin monotherapy. Insulin sensitivity and \u03b2-cell function were evaluated using the HOMA of insulin sensitivity and estimates from oral glucose tolerance tests, including the Matsuda Index, insulinogenic index, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (DI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cohort was 56.6 \u00b1 10 years of age (mean \u00b1 SD), 63.8% male, with BMI 34.2 \u00b1 6.7 kg\/m2, HbA1c 7.5 \u00b1 0.5%, and type 2 diabetes duration 4.0 \u00b1 2.8 years. Women had higher DI than men but similar insulin sensitivity. DI was the highest in Black\/African Americans, followed by American Indians\/Alaska Natives, Asians, and Whites in descending order. Compared with Whites, American Indians\/Alaska Natives had significantly higher HbA1c, but Black\/African Americans and Asians had lower HbA1c. However, when adjusted for glucose levels, Black\/African Americans had higher HbA1c than Whites. Insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG\/HDL-C), and the presence of metabolic syndrome, whereas DI was associated directly with age and inversely with BMI, HbA1c, and TG\/HDL-C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the GRADE cohort, \u03b2-cell function differed by sex and race and was associated with the concurrent level of HbA1c. HbA1c also differed among the races, but not by sex. Age, BMI, and TG\/HDL-C were associated with multiple measures of \u03b2-cell function and insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T23:25:46Z","timestamp":1608679546000},"page":"340-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association of Baseline Characteristics With Insulin Sensitivity and \u03b2-Cell Function in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) Study Cohort"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"44","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01794143","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Rasouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, 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