{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:17:04Z","timestamp":1790713024390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,10]],"date-time":"2020-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-14-ACE-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-14-ACE-36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01-DK-115638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01-DK-115638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DK-116858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK-116858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03-DK-103083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03-DK-103083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR-001855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-001855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54-EB-020403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54-EB-020403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or maternal obesity in utero have an increased propensity to develop obesity. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We aimed to examine relationships between exposure to GDM or maternal obesity and daily energy intake (EI), brain responses to food cues within reward regions, and adiposity in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were 159 children ages 7\u201311 years. Repeated 24-h recalls were conducted to assess mean daily EI. A subset of children (n = 102) completed a food cue task in the MRI scanner. A priori regions of interest included the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), insula, amygdala, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum. Adiposity measurements, BMI z-scores, percent body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to GDM was associated with greater daily EI, and children exposed to GDM diagnosed before 26 weeks gestation had greater OFC food cue reactivity. Children exposed to GDM also had larger WHR. Results remained significant after adjusting for child\u2019s age and sex, maternal education and race\/ethnicity, maternal prepregnancy BMI, and child\u2019s physical activity levels. Furthermore, children who consumed more daily calories had greater WHR, and the relationship between GDM exposure and WHR was attenuated after adjustment for daily EI. Prepregnancy BMI was not significantly related to daily EI or food cue reactivity in reward regions. However, prepregnancy BMI was significantly related to all adiposity measurements; results remained significant for BMI z-scores, WtHR, and WHR after controlling for child\u2019s age and sex, maternal education and race\/ethnicity, maternal GDM exposure, and child\u2019s physical activity levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to GDM in utero, in particular before 26 weeks gestation, is associated with increased EI, enhanced OFC food cue reactivity, and increased WHR. Future study with longitudinal follow-up is merited to assess potential pathways of daily EI and food cue reactivity in reward regions on the associations between GDM exposure and childhood adiposity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-3006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T17:10:47Z","timestamp":1617815447000},"page":"1185-1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Associations Between Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In Utero and Daily Energy Intake, Brain Responses to Food Cues, and Adiposity in Children"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan C.","family":"Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Monterosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anny H.","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-6615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"288","key":"2022031309513824800_B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016","author":"Hales","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data 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