{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:53:08Z","timestamp":1781841188362,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The American Diabetes Association (ADA) \u201cStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u201d includes the ADA\u2019s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA\u2019s clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org\/SOC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-s014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:15:17Z","timestamp":1576887317000},"page":"S183-S192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":328,"title":["14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy:<i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"43","author":[{"name":"American Diabetes Association","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031221120410100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2208","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships","volume":"49","author":"Dabelea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0244","article-title":"Optimal glycemic control, pre-eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in women with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes and Pre-eclampsia Intervention Trial","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0278","article-title":"Use of maternal GHb concentration to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with prepregnancy diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Guerin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2061","article-title":"Peri-conceptional A1C and risk of serious adverse pregnancy outcome in 933 women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0914","article-title":"HbA1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050010","article-title":"Glycaemic control during early pregnancy and fetal malformations in women with type I diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Suhonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0355","article-title":"Long-term effects of the booster-enhanced READY-Girls preconception counseling program on intentions and behaviors for family planning in teens with diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Charron-Prochownik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.09.009","article-title":"Preventable health and cost burden of adverse birth outcomes associated with pregestational diabetes in the United States","volume":"212","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12936","article-title":"Contraceptive use among women with prediabetes and diabetes in a US national sample","volume":"64","author":"Britton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B10","article-title":"Description and comparison of postpartum use of effective contraception among women with and without diabetes","author":"Morris","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstuck\u2008ND, Steyn\u2008PS. The intrauterine device in women with diabetes mellitus type I and II: a systematic review. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2013. Accessed 3 October 2019. Available from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3874344\/","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/814062"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B12","author":"Wu"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"132","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B14","volume-title":"Diabetes and Reproductive Health for Girls","author":"Charron-Prochownik","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003013","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 762: Prepregnancy Counseling","volume":"133","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.04.001","article-title":"Preconception health: changing the paradigm on well-woman health","volume":"46","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196352","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Bullo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.06.009","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Taguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1035","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1035","article-title":"Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study","volume":"350","author":"Bateman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.5.631","article-title":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy: the Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study","volume":"18","author":"Chew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B22","first-page":"14","article-title":"A focused preconceptional and early pregnancy program in women with type 1 diabetes reduces perinatal mortality and malformation rates to general population levels","volume":"9","author":"McElvy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1113","article-title":"Effectiveness of a regional prepregnancy care program in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: benefits beyond glycemic control","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.8.1146","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of preconception care for women with established diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0120","article-title":"ATLANTIC DIP: closing the loop: a change in clinical practice can improve outcomes for women with pregestational diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B26","first-page":"434","article-title":"Implementation of guidelines for multidisciplinary team management of pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes or cardiac conditions: results from a UK national survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth","author":"Taylor","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1633-z","article-title":"Insulin requirements throughout pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: three changes of direction","volume":"53","author":"Garc\u00eda-Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0391","article-title":"The association of falling insulin requirements with maternal biomarkers and placental dysfunction: a prospective study of women with preexisting diabetes in pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00497-6","article-title":"Preprandial versus postprandial blood glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"189","author":"Manderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511093331901","article-title":"Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy","volume":"333","author":"de Veciana","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90637-7","article-title":"Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: the Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development--Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study","volume":"164","author":"Jovanovic-Peterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes","volume":"131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177563","article-title":"Associations of mid-pregnancy HbA1c with gestational diabetes and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in high-risk Taiwanese women","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1755","article-title":"Glycemic targets in the second and third trimester of pregnancy for women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Maresh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1200","article-title":"HbA1c levels are significantly lower in early and late pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.064899","article-title":"Reference intervals for hemoglobin A1c in pregnant women: data from an Italian multicenter study","volume":"52","author":"Mosca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0607-2","article-title":"Fetal growth is increased by maternal type 1 diabetes and HLA DR4-related gene interactions","volume":"50","author":"Hummel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1134-z","article-title":"Risk of macrosomia remains glucose-dependent in a cohort of women with pregestational type 1 diabetes and good glycemic control","volume":"55","author":"Cyganek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12521","article-title":"Impact of type 2 diabetes, obesity and glycaemic control on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Abell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01071.x","article-title":"Glycaemic control throughout pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type I diabetes","volume":"113","author":"Temple","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.10.1251","article-title":"Relationship of fetal macrosomia to maternal postprandial glucose control during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Combs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Feig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4850-0","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies","volume":"62","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4205-7","article-title":"Translating HbA1c measurements into estimated average glucose values in pregnant women with diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Law","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0511","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus can be prevented by lifestyle intervention: the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Koivusalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.037","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus and improve pregnancy outcome in overweight and obese pregnant women","volume":"216","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B48","author":"Metzger"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.08.027","article-title":"The impact of adoption of the international association of diabetes in pregnancy study group criteria for the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes","volume":"212","author":"Mayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022031221120410100_B50","first-page":"CD009275","article-title":"Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1530","article-title":"Dietary intervention in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on maternal and newborn outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Viana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B52","volume-title":"Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661","article-title":"Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research","volume":"159","author":"Hartling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707193","article-title":"Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Rowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064585","article-title":"Metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Gui","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010193431601","article-title":"A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"343","author":"Langer","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.5","article-title":"Are we optimizing gestational diabetes treatment with glyburide? The pharmacologic basis for better clinical practice","volume":"85","author":"Hebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2016.1187131","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of glyburide for treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Malek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h102","article-title":"Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Balsells","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.4072","article-title":"Effect of glyburide vs subcutaneous insulin on perinatal complications among women with gestational diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"S\u00e9nat","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.04.028","article-title":"Metformin compared with glyburide for the management of gestational diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2307","article-title":"Glyburide versus metformin and their combination for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Nachum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B63"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B64"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4403","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of OADs in management of GDM: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.051","article-title":"Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Vanky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000184161.52573.0e","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of metformin in late pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Charles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000456","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000456","article-title":"Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of age","volume":"6","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02419","article-title":"Metformin use in PCOS pregnancies increases the risk of offspring overweight at 4 years of age: follow-up of two RCTs","volume":"103","author":"Hanem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848","article-title":"Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30385-7","article-title":"Intrauterine metformin exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk factors (PedMet study): a 5-10 year follow-up of the PregMet randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Hanem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B72","unstructured":"Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada. Metformin in Women With Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy Trial (MiTy). In: ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD, National Library of Medicine, 2019. Accessed 3 October 2019. Available from https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01353391"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B73","unstructured":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Medical Optimization of Management of Type 2 Diabetes Complicating Pregnancy (MOMPOD). In: ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD, National Library of Medicine, 2019. Accessed 3 October 2019. Available from https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02932475"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E448","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0853","article-title":"Metformin versus placebo from first trimester to delivery in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, controlled multicenter study","volume":"95","author":"Vanky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063971","article-title":"Clomiphene, metformin, or both for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"356","author":"Legro","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0110","article-title":"Prospective parallel randomized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled clinical trial comparing clomiphene citrate and metformin as the first-line treatment for ovulation induction in nonobese anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Palomba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0689","article-title":"Metformin administration versus laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective parallel randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Palomba","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.06.013","article-title":"A cautionary response to SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes","volume":"219","author":"Barbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0055","article-title":"Metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus: progeny, perspective, and a personalized approach","volume":"42","author":"Barbour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022031221120410100_B80","first-page":"CD005542","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes","author":"Farrar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B81"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1045","article-title":"Insulin glargine safety in pregnancy: a transplacental transfer study","volume":"33","author":"Pollex","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.10.006","article-title":"Transfer of insulin lispro across the human placenta","volume":"115","author":"Holcberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1390","article-title":"Transfer of insulin lispro across the human placenta: in vitro perfusion studies","volume":"26","author":"Boskovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1120-y","article-title":"Evaluation of insulin antibodies and placental transfer of insulin aspart in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"51","author":"McCance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2090","article-title":"Insulin detemir does not cross the human placenta","volume":"38","author":"Suffecool","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B87","first-page":"CD011880","article-title":"Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B88","first-page":"121","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus intensive conventional insulin therapy in type I and type II diabetic pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Carta","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabete Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.05.006","article-title":"Fetal growth in women managed with insulin pump therapy compared to conventional insulin","volume":"137","author":"Kernaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1437","article-title":"Pumps or multiple daily injections in pregnancy involving type 1 diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the CONCEPTT randomized trial","volume":"41","author":"Feig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.323","article-title":"Poor pregnancy outcome in women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Clausen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0555","article-title":"Differing causes of pregnancy loss in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Cundy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38380.674340.E0","article-title":"Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies","volume":"330","author":"Duckitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.561","article-title":"Aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"218","author":"Roberge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson\u2008JT, Whitlock\u2008EP, O\u2019Conner\u2008E, Senger\u2008CA, Thompson\u2008JH, Rowland\u2008MG. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2014. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Report No. 14-05207-EF-1)","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2844"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001115","article-title":"A cost-benefit analysis of low-dose aspirin prophylaxis for the prevention of preeclampsia in the United States","volume":"126","author":"Werner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1260","article-title":"Aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia and potential consequences for fetal brain development","volume":"173","author":"Voutetakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803","article-title":"International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003020","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy","volume":"133","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404595","article-title":"Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"372","author":"Magee","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607253350407","article-title":"Treatment of hypertension in pregnant women","volume":"335","author":"Sibai","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32656-1","article-title":"Risks of statin use during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Kazmin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B104","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and the newborn","author":"Drury","year":"1984"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3747","article-title":"Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"Tobias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69473-7","article-title":"Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Villamor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0772","article-title":"Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions","volume":"93","author":"Ratner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3761","article-title":"The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up","volume":"100","author":"Aroda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1348","article-title":"Peripartum management of glycemia in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Achong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571323","article-title":"Changes in postpartum insulin requirements for patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Roeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.3.187","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the basal insulin requirement in type 1 diabetic women","volume":"15","author":"Riviello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.20.2601","article-title":"Duration of lactation and incidence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"294","author":"Stuebe","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031221120410100_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.02.024","article-title":"Does breastfeeding influence the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in children? A review of current evidence","volume":"90","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/43\/Supplement_1\/S183\/551560\/dc20s014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/43\/Supplement_1\/S183\/551560\/dc20s014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T08:41:13Z","timestamp":1695544873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/43\/Supplement_1\/S183\/30619\/14-Management-of-Diabetes-in-Pregnancy-Standards"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-s014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]}}}