{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:17:50Z","timestamp":1779344270041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stress hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of diabetes among survivors of critical illness. We investigated whether patients without diabetes hospitalized for bacteremia or nonbacteremic diseases with transient stress hyperglycemia would have a higher risk of subsequent diabetes development compared with those who remained normoglycemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study was conducted on 224,534 in-patients with blood culture records. Stress hyperglycemia was defined based on the highest random glucose level \u22657.8 mmol\/L during the index admission period. Diagnosis of diabetes, as the primary end point of interest, was defined based on diagnostic codes, blood test results, or medication records. Differences in cumulative incidence and hazard ratios (HRs) of diabetes between groups were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After exclusion of patients with preexisting or undiagnosed diabetes or indeterminate diabetes status and propensity score matching, bacteremic patients with stress hyperglycemia had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of diabetes (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2\u20132.4) compared with those who remained normoglycemic. Stress hyperglycemia was further confirmed to be a diabetes predictor independent of age, sex, comorbidity, and other serological markers. For the nonbacteremic patients, stress hyperglycemia was similarly associated with a higher cumulative incidence of diabetes (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2\u20131.7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospitalized patients with transient stress hyperglycemia had a higher risk of subsequent diabetes development compared with their normoglycemic counterparts. Recognition of an increased risk of diabetes in these patients can allow early detection and monitoring in their subsequent follow-ups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T16:38:08Z","timestamp":1647016688000},"page":"1438-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Stress Hyperglycemia Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Subsequent Development of Diabetes Among Bacteremic and Nonbacteremic Patients"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xiansong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frankie T.F.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Y.T.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huarong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maggie H.T.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"5State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"6Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"7CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Gin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.V.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5662-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William K.K.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"5State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"6Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"7CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunny H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"4Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"5State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"6Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060218533314500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1152440","article-title":"Bloodstream infections: the peak of the iceberg","volume":"7","author":"Viscoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9266","article-title":"Critical illness-induced dysglycaemia: diabetes and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1471-6","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia in critically ill patients and the subsequent risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ali Abdelhamid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.033","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis, nutrition and infections during critical illness","volume":"24","author":"Ingels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.011","article-title":"The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Soeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12514","article-title":"Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response!","volume":"17","author":"Marik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia","volume":"373","author":"Dungan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0165923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165923","article-title":"Stress induced hyperglycemia and the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in survivors of critical illness","volume":"11","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.553","article-title":"Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals","volume":"27","author":"Clement","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182656ae5","article-title":"Association between intensive care unit-acquired dysglycemia and in-hospital mortality","volume":"40","author":"Badawi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8341","article-title":"Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001708","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia in hospitalised patients and their 3-year risk of diabetes: a Scottish retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"McAllister","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B13","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          . Diabetes, 10 November 2021. Accessed 11 August 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62154-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future","volume":"383","author":"Kahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.10.029","article-title":"Glycated haemoglobin is increased in critically ill patients with stress hyperglycaemia: implications for risk of diabetes in survivors of critical illness","volume":"135","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.10.002","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in sepsis is a risk factor for development of type II diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Gornik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0115-6","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in critical illness is a risk factor for later development of type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Gornik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R130","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9101","article-title":"A prospective observational study of the relationship of critical illness associated hyperglycaemia in medical ICU patients and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Gornik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1064-9","article-title":"Incidence and predisposing factors for the development of disturbed glucose metabolism and DIabetes mellitus AFter Intensive Care admission: the DIAFIC study","volume":"19","author":"Van Ackerbroeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2016-0033","article-title":"Missing laboratory results data in electronic health databases: implications for monitoring diabetes risk","volume":"6","author":"Flory","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9691345","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9691345","article-title":"Effects of uric acid on diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications","volume":"2019","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022060218533314500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/45\/6\/1438\/684235\/dc211682.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/45\/6\/1438\/684235\/dc211682.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T14:55:20Z","timestamp":1654181720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/45\/6\/1438\/144731\/Stress-Hyperglycemia-Is-Associated-With-an"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-1682","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.19209783.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.19209783","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0149-5992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]}}}