{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:32:29Z","timestamp":1740144749269,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) claims that chronic exposure to hyperinsulinemia induced by dietary carbohydrates explains development of obesity via direct effects of insulin and\/or low postprandial metabolic fuel levels. We aimed at testing whether indices of hyperinsulinemia and postprandial glucose levels can predict increases in the degree of obesity over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children and adolescents with obesity attending a pediatric obesity clinic performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and received standard obesity management. Indices of hyperinsulinemia and insulin secretion were derived from the OGTT and evaluated in the face of changes in the degree of obesity over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 591 children (217 males and 374 females) participated, and the mean follow-up was 1.86 \u00b1 1.29 years. OGTT-derived area under the curve of insulin, peak insulin, fasting insulin, the insulinogenic index, or insulin at 30 min were not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses (adjusted for baseline age, BMI z score, sex, and ethnicity). Low postprandial glucose &amp;lt;75 mg\/dL was not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses. In a subsample of 104 participants with a follow-up &amp;gt;4 years, none of these parameters was associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In children and adolescents with obesity, exposure to hyperinsulinemia, greater insulin secretion, or low postprandial glucose is not associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity over 2\u20134 years. The CIM should be evaluated in children with lower BMI and for longer follow-up periods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T19:45:58Z","timestamp":1646250358000},"page":"1400-1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lack of Evidence for a Causal Role of Hyperinsulinemia in the Progression of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Rana","family":"Halloun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, Ruth Children\u2019s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Galderisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Woman and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"},{"name":"3Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, Ruth Children\u2019s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060218530070100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3401","article-title":"Population genetic differentiation of height and body mass index across Europe","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","article-title":"Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology","volume":"518","author":"Locke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00111","article-title":"Obesity pathogenesis: an Endocrine Society scientific statement","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab270","article-title":"The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic","volume":"114","author":"Ludwig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.03.003","article-title":"High glycemic index metabolic damage - a pivotal role of GIP and GLP-1","volume":"29","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500001021","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrates and insulin action in humans","volume":"83","author":"Wolever","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2022060218530070100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.6.580","article-title":"The disposal of an oral glucose load in healthy subjects. 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