{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:18:22Z","timestamp":1791497902151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0802796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0802796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R024901\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R024901\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S005145\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S005145\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S011277\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S011277\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"William Harvey Research Limited"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["848077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["848077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GO-DS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GO-DS21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017506","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP-18-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP-18-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217543\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217543\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is the most common form of chromosomal trisomy. Genetic factors in DS may increase the risk for diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether DS is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes and the relationship with obesity across the life span compared with control patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This matched population\u2013based cohort study analyzed UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink data from 1990 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 9,917 patients with DS and 38,266 control patients were analyzed. Diabetes rates were higher in patients with DS (incidence rate ratio 3.67; 95% CI 2.43\u20135.55; P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and peaked at a younger age (median age at diagnosis 38 [interquartile range 28\u201349] years vs. 53 [43\u201361] years in control patients). Incidence rates (per 1,000 person-years) for type 1 diabetes mellitus were 0.44 (95% CI 0.31\u20130.61) in patients with DS vs. 0.13 (0.09\u20130.17) in control patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rates were higher in patients with DS versus control patients in age-groups from 5 years up to 34 years. In patients with DS, peak mean BMI was higher and at a younger age (males 31.2 kg\/m2 at age 31 years; females 32.1 kg\/m2 at 43 years) versus control patients (males 29.5 kg\/m2 at 54 years; females 29.2 kg\/m2 at 51 years). Obesity was associated with an increased incidence of T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At younger ages, the incidence of diabetes in patients with DS is up to four times that of control patients. Peak mean BMI is higher and established earlier in DS, contributing to T2DM risk. Further investigation into the relationship between obesity and diabetes in DS is required to inform treatment and prevention measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1664534204000},"page":"2892-2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Diabetes and Obesity in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using U.K. Electronic Health Records"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2295-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha A.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Asaad","family":"Baksh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K."},{"name":"3The LonDowns Consortium, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K."},{"name":"3The LonDowns Consortium, London, U.K."},{"name":"4South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Strydom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K."},{"name":"3The LonDowns Consortium, London, U.K."},{"name":"4South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Gulliford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K."},{"name":"5School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li F.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the GO-DS21 Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Herault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Strydom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Potier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Beckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Li\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Dierssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023053113203536900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.046","article-title":"Retrospective study of obesity in children with down syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Basil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023053113203536900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0143-7","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2023053113203536900_B3","unstructured":"Public Health England\n          . 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