{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:10:17Z","timestamp":1787069417065,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010443","name":"RACP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) \/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) \/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Initiative recently introduced universal subsidized CGM funding for people with type 1 diabetes under 21 years of age in Australia. We thus aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this CGM Initiative based on national implementation data and project the economic impact of extending the subsidy to all age-groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a patient-level Markov model to simulate disease progression for young people with type 1 diabetes and compared government-subsidized access to CGM with the previous user-funded system. Three years of real-world clinical input data were sourced from analysis of the Australasian Diabetes Data Network and National Diabetes Services Scheme registries. Costs were considered from the Australian health care system\u2019s perspective. An annual discount rate of 5% was applied to future costs and outcomes. Uncertainty was evaluated with probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Government-subsidized CGM funding for young people with type 1 diabetes compared with a completely user-funded model resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of AUD 39,518 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Most simulations (85%) were below the commonly accepted willingness-to-pay threshold of AUD 50,000 per QALY gained in Australia. Sensitivity analyses indicated that base-case results were robust, though strongly impacted by the cost of CGM devices. Extending the CGM Initiative throughout adulthood resulted in an ICER of AUD 34,890 per QALY gained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providing subsidized access to CGM for people with type 1 diabetes was found to be cost-effective compared with a completely user-funded model in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T15:50:02Z","timestamp":1664207402000},"page":"2611-2619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nationally Subsidized Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Pease","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"2Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-0949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Zoungas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"2Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"3Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Callander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Children\u2019s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"5Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"6Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"8Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Jane","family":"Holmes-Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"10Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. 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