{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:50:35Z","timestamp":1791521435448,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP3DK101083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP3DK101083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC4 DK106993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC4 DK106993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008871","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRA-2019-763-A-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRA-2019-763-A-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001234","name":"Robert and Janice McNair Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR003142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR003142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URL1TR001427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URL1TR001427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) parameters may identify individuals at risk for progression to overt type 1 diabetes. We aimed to determine whether CGM metrics provide additional insights into progression to clinical stage 3 type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred five relatives of individuals in type 1 diabetes probands (median age 16.8 years; 89% non-Hispanic White; 43.8% female) from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study underwent 7-day CGM assessments and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) at 6-month intervals. The baseline data are reported here. Three groups were evaluated: individuals with 1) stage 2 type 1 diabetes (n = 42) with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies and abnormal OGTT; 2) stage 1 type 1 diabetes (n = 53) with two or more diabetes-related autoantibodies and normal OGTT; and 3) negative test for all diabetes-related autoantibodies and normal OGTT (n = 10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple CGM metrics were associated with progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Specifically, spending \u22655% time with glucose levels \u2265140 mg\/dL (P = 0.01), \u22658% time with glucose levels \u2265140 mg\/dL (P = 0.02), \u22655% time with glucose levels \u2265160 mg\/dL (P = 0.0001), and \u22658% time with glucose levels \u2265160 mg\/dL (P = 0.02) were all associated with progression to stage 3 disease. Stage 2 participants and those who progressed to stage 3 also exhibited higher mean daytime glucose values; spent more time with glucose values over 120, 140, and 160 mg\/dL; and had greater variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CGM could aid in the identification of individuals, including those with a normal OGTT, who are likely to rapidly progress to stage 3 type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1675346955000},"page":"526-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["CGM Metrics Identify Dysglycemic States in Participants From the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darrell M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Pietropaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Acevedo-Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Destiny","family":"Anyaiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5885-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Scheinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhuri M.","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siripoom V.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"},{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Sherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevan C.","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-4177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9JDRF, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla J.","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Center for Interventional Immunology and Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Center for Interventional Immunology and Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desmond A.","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 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