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Genetic associations with 23 common GDs were obtained from the FinnGen and UK Biobank studies and other large consortia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic liability to type 2 diabetes was associated with the risk of 12 GDs. Per 1-unit increase in the log-transformed odds ratio (OR) of type 2 diabetes, the OR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.09) for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.07\u20131.17) for gastric ulcer, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.20) for acute gastritis, 1.07 (95% CI, 1.01\u20131.13) for chronic gastritis, 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.12) for irritable bowel syndrome, 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01\u20131.07) for diverticular disease, 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02\u20131.14) for acute pancreatitis, 1.09 (95% CI, 1.05\u20131.12) for cholelithiasis, 1.09 (95% CI, 1.05\u20131.13) for cholelithiasis with cholecystitis, 1.29 (95% CI, 1.17\u20131.43) for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.21) for liver cirrhosis, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89\u20130.97) for ulcerative colitis. Genetically predicted higher levels of fasting insulin and glucose were associated with six and one GDs, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations were found between genetic liability to type 2 diabetes and an increased risk of a broad range of GDs, highlighting the importance of GD prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T15:40:43Z","timestamp":1676648443000},"page":"828-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Gastrointestinal Consequences of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glycemic Homeostasis: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"2Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xixian","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"5Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipender","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"8Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Giovannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. 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