{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:20:11Z","timestamp":1783488011675,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UT7MC45949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UT7MC45949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01HD041702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01HD041702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD086013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD086013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD098232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD098232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES031272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES031272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES031521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES031521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01ES034983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01ES034983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the association of plasma insulin levels and their trajectories from birth to childhood with the timing of menarche.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This prospective study included 458 girls recruited at birth between 1998 and 2011 and followed prospectively at the Boston Medical Center. Plasma nonfasting insulin concentrations were measured at two time points: at birth (cord blood) and in childhood (age 0.5\u20135 years). Age at menarche was obtained from a pubertal developmental questionnaire or abstracted from electronic medical records.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three hundred six (67%) of the girls had reached menarche. The median (range) age at menarche was 12.4 (9\u201315) years. Elevated plasma insulin concentrations at birth (n = 391) and in childhood (n = 335) were each associated with an earlier mean age at menarche: approximately 2 months earlier per doubling of insulin concentration (mean shift, \u22121.95 months, 95% CI, \u22120.33 to \u22123.53, and \u22122.07 months, 95% CI, \u22120.48 to \u22123.65, respectively). Girls with overweight or obesity in addition to elevated insulin attained menarche about 11\u201317 months earlier, on average, than those with normal weight and low insulin. Considering longitudinal trajectories (n = 268), having high insulin levels both at birth and in childhood was associated with a roughly 6 months earlier mean age at menarche (mean shift, \u22126.25 months, 95% CI, \u22120.38 to \u221211.88), compared with having consistently low insulin levels at both time points.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data showed that elevated insulin concentrations in early life, especially in conjunction with overweight or obesity, contribute to the earlier onset of menarche, suggesting the need for early screening and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T18:21:01Z","timestamp":1680718861000},"page":"1231-1238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Plasma Insulin Concentration in Newborns and Children and Age at Menarche"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Radovick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie P.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA"},{"name":"7Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA"},{"name":"7Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"},{"name":"8Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023052319005735900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.347","article-title":"Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and 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