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TR002535"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate gastrointestinal infection episodes (GIEs) in relation to the appearance of islet autoantibodies in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GIEs on risk of autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA) or GAD (GADA) as the first-appearing autoantibody were assessed in a 10-year follow-up of 7,867 children. Stool virome was characterized in a nested case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GIE reports (odds ratio [OR] 2.17 [95% CI 1.39\u20133.39]) as well as Norwalk viruses found in stool (OR 5.69 [1.36\u201323.7]) at &amp;lt;1 year of age were associated with an increased IAA risk at 2\u20134 years of age. GIEs reported at age 1 to &amp;lt;2 years correlated with a lower risk of IAA up to 10 years of age (OR 0.48 [0.35\u20130.68]). GIE reports at any other age were associated with an increase in IAA risk (OR 2.04 for IAA when GIE was observed 12\u201323 months prior [1.41\u20132.96]). Impacts on GADA risk were limited to GIEs &amp;lt;6 months prior to autoantibody development in children &amp;lt;4 years of age (OR 2.16 [1.54\u20133.02]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bidirectional associations were observed. GIEs were associated with increased IAA risk when reported before 1 year of age or 12\u201323 months prior to IAA. Norwalk virus was identified as one possible candidate factor. GIEs reported during the 2nd year of life were associated with a decreased IAA risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T21:54:31Z","timestamp":1692741271000},"page":"1908-1915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gastrointestinal Infections Modulate the Risk for Insulin Autoantibodies as the First-Appearing Autoantibody in the TEDDY Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"L\u00f6nnrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, 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