{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:17:55Z","timestamp":1791883075963,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HD103875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HD103875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves maternal glycemic control and neonatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancies compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose. However, CGM targets for pregnancy are based on expert opinion. We aimed to evaluate the association between CGM metrics and perinatal outcomes and identify evidence-based targets to reduce morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes who used real-time CGM and delivered at a U.S. tertiary center (2018\u20132021). Multiple gestations, fetal anomalies, and early pregnancy loss were excluded. Exposures included time in range (TIR; 65\u2013140 mg\/dL), time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), glucose variability, average glucose, and glucose management indicator. The primary outcome was a composite of fetal or neonatal mortality, large or small for gestational age at birth, neonatal intensive care unit admission, hypoglycemia, shoulder dystocia or birth trauma, and hyperbilirubinemia. Logistic regression estimated the association between CGM metrics and outcomes, and optimal TIR was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 117 patients, 16 (13.7%) used CGM before pregnancy and 68 (58.1%) had type 1 diabetes. Overall, 98 patients (83.8%) developed the composite neonatal outcome. All CGM metrics, except TBR, were associated with neonatal morbidity. For each 5 percentage-point increase in TIR, there was 28% reduced odds of neonatal morbidity (odds ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.58\u20130.89). The statistically optimal TIR was 66\u201371%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly all CGM metrics were associated with adverse neonatal morbidity and mortality and may aid management of preexisting diabetes in pregnancy. Our findings support the American Diabetes Association recommendation of 70% TIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T15:51:27Z","timestamp":1696261887000},"page":"89-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Association of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics With Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Preexisting Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayodeji A.","family":"Sanusi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Women\u2019s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"2Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumo","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Brocato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Women\u2019s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"2Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Women\u2019s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"2Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff M.","family":"Szychowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Women\u2019s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"3Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Battarbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Women\u2019s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"2Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023122019552622700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6743a2","article-title":"Prevalence and changes in preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes among women who had a live birth\u2014United States, 2012-2016","volume":"67","author":"Deputy","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023122019552622700_B2","first-page":"1097","volume-title":"Williams Obstetrics, 25th ed.","author":"Cunningham","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023122019552622700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023122019552622700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S015","article-title":"15. 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