{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:03:45Z","timestamp":1788379425045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/0005556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/0005556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/0005778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/0005778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/0006332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/0006332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000901","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-APF-2018-591-A-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-APF-2018-591-A-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JDRF\/Wellcome Strategic award","award":["4-SRA-2017-473-A-N; 107212\/A\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-SRA-2017-473-A-N; 107212\/A\/15\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>C-peptide and islet autoantibodies are key type 1 diabetes biomarkers, typically requiring venous sampling, which limits their utility. We assessed transdermal capillary blood (TCB) collection as a practical alternative.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ninety-one individuals (71 with type 1 diabetes, 20 control; individuals with type 1 diabetes: aged median 14.8 years [interquartile range (IQR) 9.1\u201317.1], diabetes duration 4.0 years [1.5\u20137.7]; control individuals: 42.2 years [38.0\u201352.1]) underwent contemporaneous venous and TCB sampling for measurement of plasma C-peptide. Participants with type 1 diabetes also provided venous serum and plasma, and TCB plasma for measurement of autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, and zinc transporter 8. The ability of TCB plasma to detect significant endogenous insulin secretion (venous C-peptide \u2265200 pmol\/L) was compared along with agreement in levels, using Bland-Altman. Venous serum was compared with venous and TCB plasma for detection of autoantibodies, using established thresholds. Acceptability was assessed by age-appropriate questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transdermal sampling took a mean of 2.35 min (SD 1.49). Median sample volume was 50 \u00b5L (IQR 40\u201350) with 3 of 91 (3.3%) failures, and 13 of 88 (14.7%) &amp;lt;35 \u00b5L. TCB C-peptide showed good agreement with venous plasma (mean venous ln[C-peptide] \u2013 TCB ln[C-peptide] = 0.008, 95% CI [\u22120.23, 0.29], with 100% [36 of 36] sensitivity\/100% [50 of 50] specificity to detect venous C-peptide \u2265200 pmol\/L). Where venous serum in multiple autoantibody positive TCB plasma agreed in 22 of 32 (sensitivity 69%), comparative specificity was 35 of 36 (97%). TCB was preferred to venous sampling (type 1 diabetes: 63% vs. 7%; 30% undecided).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transdermal capillary testing for C-peptide is a sensitive, specific, and acceptable alternative to venous sampling; TCB sampling for islet autoantibodies needs further assessment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T08:03:45Z","timestamp":1702454625000},"page":"239-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transdermal Blood Sampling for C-Peptide Is a Minimally Invasive, Reliable Alternative to Venous Sampling in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.J.","family":"Besser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation\/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."},{"name":"2Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Oxford Children\u2019s Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna E.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine R.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."},{"name":"5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Oxford Children\u2019s Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline S.","family":"Birks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire L.","family":"Scudder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation\/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Academic Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon University Hospital, Exeter, U.K."},{"name":"8Exeter NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation\/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011919582242300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12022","article-title":"Types of pediatric diabetes mellitus defined by anti-islet autoimmunity and random C-peptide at diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Redondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr 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