{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1792788744570,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"SciLifeLab & Wallenberg Data Driven Life Science Program","award":["KAW 2020.0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAW 2020.0239"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF18CC0034900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF18CC0034900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 CA176726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 HL145386, R01 HL034594, R01 HL088521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 HL145386, R01 HL034594, R01 HL088521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 CA186107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA186107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI 2427\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI 2427\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WI5132\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI5132\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding duration is inversely associated with risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes in parous women. However, the association among women at high risk, including women with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 15,146 parous women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study I and II (NHS, NHS II) and 4,537 women with a history of GDM from NHS II. Participants reported history of breastfeeding via follow-up questionnaires. Incident CVD by 2017 comprised stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD) (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We documented 1,159 incident CVD cases among women with type 2 diabetes in both cohorts during 188,874 person-years of follow-up and 132 incident CVD cases among women with a GDM history during 100,218 person-years of follow-up. Longer lifetime duration of breastfeeding was significantly associated with lower CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes, with pooled aHR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.54\u20130.85) for &amp;gt;18 months versus 0 months and 0.94 (0.91\u20130.98) per 6-month increment in breastfeeding. Similar associations were observed with CHD (pooled aHR 0.93 [0.88\u20130.97]) but not with stroke (0.96 [0.91\u20131.02]) per 6-month increment in breastfeeding. Among women with GDM history, &amp;gt;18 months versus 0 months of breastfeeding was associated with an aHR of 0.49 (0.28\u20130.86) for total CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of CVD in women with type 2 diabetes or GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T16:41:09Z","timestamp":1708447269000},"page":"720-728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lifetime Duration of Breastfeeding and Cardiovascular Risk in Women With Type 2 Diabetes or a History of Gestational Diabetes: Findings From Two Large Prospective Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Birukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"2Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbr\u00fccke, Nuthetal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-1404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"3Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia H.","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deirdre K.","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"5Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Wittenbecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"6Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4497-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Global Centre for Asian Women\u2019s Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"8Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"9Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"10Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"11Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"10Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"11Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank B.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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