{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:52:13Z","timestamp":1787025133817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK118038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK118038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK120861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK120861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MD013826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD013826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MD017574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD017574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MD018012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD018012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated direct and indirect relationships between historic redlining and prevalence of diabetes in a U.S. national sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a previously validated conceptual model, we hypothesized pathways between structural racism and prevalence of diabetes via discrimination, incarceration, poverty, substance use, housing, education, unemployment, and food access. We combined census tract\u2013level data, including diabetes prevalence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PLACES 2019 database, redlining using historic Home Owners\u2019 Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps from the Mapping Inequality project, and census data from the Opportunity Insights database. HOLC grade (a score between 1 [best] and 4 [redlined]) for each census tract was based on overlap with historically HOLC-graded areas. The final analytic sample consisted of 11,375 U.S. census tracts. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate direct and indirect relationships adjusting for the 2010 population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Redlining was directly associated with higher crude prevalence of diabetes within a census tract (r = 0.01; P = 0.008) after adjusting for the 2010 population (\u03c72(54) = 69,900.95; P &amp;lt; 0.001; root mean square error of approximation = 0; comparative fit index = 1). Redlining was indirectly associated with diabetes prevalence via incarceration (r = 0.06; P &amp;lt; 0.001), poverty (r = \u22120.10; P &amp;lt; 0.001), discrimination (r = 0.14; P &amp;lt; 0.001); substance use (measured by binge drinking: r = \u22120.65, P &amp;lt; 0.001; and smoking: r = 0.35, P &amp;lt; 0.001), housing (r = 0.06; P &amp;lt; 0.001), education (r = \u22120.17; P &amp;lt; 0.001), unemployment (r = \u22120.17; P &amp;lt; 0.001), and food access (r = 0.14; P &amp;lt; 0.001) after adjusting for the 2010 population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Redlining has significant direct and indirect relationships with diabetes prevalence. Incarceration, poverty, discrimination, substance use, housing, education, unemployment, and food access may be possible targets for interventions aiming to mitigate the impact of structural racism on diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T17:41:10Z","timestamp":1708623670000},"page":"964-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Historic Redlining and Impact of Structural Racism on Diabetes Prevalence in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard E.","family":"Egede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 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WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052018523397500_B1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024052018523397500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-022-01454-3","article-title":"Social determinants of health, race, and diabetes population health improvement: Black\/African Americans as a population exemplar","volume":"22","author":"Hill-Briggs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2024052018523397500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9883","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of diabetes and 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