{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:37:54Z","timestamp":1781357874381,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL127159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL127159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL143885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL143885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The potential for choline metabolism to influence the development of diabetes has received increased attention. Previous studies on circulating choline metabolites and incident diabetes have been conducted in samples of older adults, often with a high prevalence of risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were from year 15 of follow-up (2000-2001) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (n = 3,133, aged 33\u201345 years) with plasma choline metabolite (choline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide [TMAO]) data. We quantified associations between choline metabolites and 15-year risk of incident diabetes (n = 387) among participants free of diabetes at baseline using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and clinical variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Betaine was inversely associated with 15-year risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio 0.76 [95% CI 0.67, 0.88] per 1-SD unit betaine), and TMAO was positively associated with 15-year risk of incident diabetes (1.11 [1.01, 1.22] per 1-SD unit). Choline was not significantly associated with 15-year risk of incident diabetes (1.05 [0.94, 1.16] per 1-SD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings are consistent with other published literature supporting a role for choline metabolism in diabetes. Our study extends the current literature by analyzing a racially diverse population-based cohort of early middle-aged individuals in whom preventive activities may be most relevant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T17:34:27Z","timestamp":1726076067000},"page":"1985-1994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Choline Metabolites and 15-Year Risk of Incident Diabetes in a Prospective Cohort of Adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5731-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Sprinkles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC"},{"name":"2Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Lulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Autumn G.","family":"Hullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC"},{"name":"3Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isis","family":"Trujillo-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC"},{"name":"2Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 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