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Whether fetal three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue and organ volumes provide additional insight into fetal overgrowth is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively evaluated longitudinal 3D fetal body composition and organ volumes in a diverse U.S. singleton pregnancy cohort (2015\u20132019). Women were diagnosed with GDM, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Up to five 3D ultrasound scans measured fetal body composition and organ volumes; trajectories were modeled using linear mixed models. Overall and weekly mean differences in fetal 3D trajectories were tested across glycemic status, adjusted for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this sample (n = 2,427), 5.2% of women had GDM, and 3.0% had IGT. Fetuses of women who developed GDM compared with NGT had larger fractional arm and fractional fat arm volumes from 26 to 35 weeks, smaller fractional lean arm volume from 17 to 22 weeks, and larger abdominal area from 24 to 40 weeks. Fetuses of women with IGT had similar growth patterns, which manifested later in gestation and with larger magnitudes, and had larger fractional lean arm volume. No overall differences were observed among thigh or organ volumes across glycemic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body composition differed in fetuses of GDM-complicated pregnancies, including larger arm and abdominal measures across the second and third trimesters. Patterns were similar in IGT-complicated pregnancies except that they occurred later in gestation and with larger magnitudes. Future research should explore how lifestyle and medication may alter fetal fat accumulation trajectories among hyperglycemic pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T15:56:18Z","timestamp":1729094178000},"page":"2180-2188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal Glycemic Status and Longitudinal Fetal Body Composition and Organ Volumes Based on Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"},{"name":"3Global Center for Asian Women\u2019s Health (GloW) and Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie N.","family":"Hinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of 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