{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:02:27Z","timestamp":1781614947534,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIMHD UC END-DISPARITIES Pilot Award","award":["P50-MD017366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-MD017366"]}]},{"name":"Google Health Equity Grant"},{"name":"CTSI","award":["UL1TR001881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001881"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In May 2022, California expanded full-scope Medicaid (Medi-Cal) to low-income undocumented immigrants aged 50 years or older, which provided access to newer type 2 diabetes (T2D) medications. This study examined whether the expansion led to more prescriptions of newer therapies like glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors among older undocumented immigrants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used patient records between January 2019 to June 2023 from two Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) in Los Angeles County. We compared prescriptions among 1) older undocumented immigrants newly eligible for Medi-Cal, 2) younger undocumented immigrants not eligible for Medi-Cal, and 3) documented patients (n = 20,420 encounters and 4,601 patients). We used generalized linear mixed models with patient-level random intercepts to examine whether the patient groups differed in their likelihood of being prescribed newer medications and if there were changes over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The odds of being prescribed newer classes of drugs was significantly lower for both the older and younger undocumented patients than documented patients at baseline. Prescriptions for newer T2D medications increased over time for all patients, but the monthly rate of increase in the odds was 6% higher for the older undocumented group compared with the documented patient group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medi-Cal expansion was effective in changing prescription patterns for older undocumented immigrants with T2D. Although the older undocumented immigrants were prescribed newer drugs at a much lower level than were documented immigrants, they ended at a similar level as the documented patients by the end of the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-0787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T20:05:54Z","timestamp":1762373154000},"page":"78-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Medications Among Primary Care Patients After California\u2019s 2022 Medicaid Expansion"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9684-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie E.","family":"Ro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Society, & Behavior, Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California 1 , Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California 2 , Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luohua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California 3 , Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California 4 , Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tavares Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacist, Eisner Health 5 , Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacist, Gracelight Community Health 6 , Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060411122373700_B1","unstructured":"Kitson\n              K\n            \n          . California\u2019s undocumented residents make significant tax contributions. California Budget & Policy Center, 2024. Accessed 5 May 2025. Available from https:\/\/calbudgetcenter.org\/news\/new-study-undocumented-immigrants-contribute-8-5-billion-in-california-taxes-a-year\/"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B2","article-title":"In first-in-nation state law, all low-income residents qualify for Medi-Cal","author":"Cha","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab189","article-title":"Undocumented older Latino immigrants in the United States: population projections and share of older undocumented Latinos by health insurance coverage and chronic health conditions, 2018\u20132038","volume":"77","author":"Ro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115177","article-title":"A healthy migrant effect? Estimating health outcomes of the undocumented immigrant population in the United States using machine learning","volume":"307","author":"Ruhnke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0746-8","article-title":"Immigrant legal status and health: legal status disparities in chronic conditions and musculoskeletal pain among Mexican-born farm workers in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246239","article-title":"Comparing immigration status and health patterns between Latinos and Asians: evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation","volume":"16","author":"Ro","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B7","article-title":"Health conditions and health care among California\u2019s undocumented immigrants","author":"Cha","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gnaf042","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaf042","article-title":"Examining emergency department utilization and hospital admissions among older undocumented immigrants: insights from a primary care county program","volume":"65","author":"Haro-Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022","volume":"45","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2023.10.002","article-title":"Trends in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use, 2014 to 2022","volume":"64","author":"Watanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100477","article-title":"Call to action: understanding the differences in the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"13","author":"Khedagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B12","unstructured":"Cha\n              P\n            , McConvilleS. Health Coverage and Care for Undocumented Immigrants in California. An Update. Public Policy Institute of California, 2021. Accessed 4 November 2024. Available from https:\/\/www.ppic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/health-coverage-and-care-for-undocumented-immigrants-in-california-june-2021.pdf"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B13","unstructured":"Vargas Bustamante\n              A\n            , Felix BeltranL, CuadrosNN, ZengXL, GonzalezSR. Implementation lessons from the 2022 Medi-Cal expansion to undocumented adults aged fifty and above. Latino Policy & Politics Institute, 2023. Accessed 4 May 2025. Available from https:\/\/latino.ucla.edu\/research\/lessons-2022-adult-medical-expansion\/#_edn10"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14397","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14397","article-title":"Comparing imputation approaches for immigration status in ED visits: implications for using electronic medical records","volume":"60","author":"Axeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1943","article-title":"Trends in clinical characteristics and prescribing preferences for SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, 2013\u20132018","volume":"43","author":"Dave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2024.08.026","article-title":"Prescribing patterns of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes at cardiology, endocrinology, and primary care visits","volume":"100","author":"Dixon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026060411122373700_B17","article-title":"California lawmakers demand answers on Medicaid shortfall","author":"Bluth","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/78\/845526\/dc250787.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/78\/845526\/dc250787.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:12:31Z","timestamp":1780585951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/49\/1\/78\/163755\/Changes-in-Type-2-Diabetes-Medications-Among"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-0787","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.30290638.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.30290638","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}