{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:14:01Z","timestamp":1784178841610,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["R01 DK118409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK118409"]}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["R01 DK122700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK122700"]}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["R21 DK103171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DK103171"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD050625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD050625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess how treatment type, diagnosis timing, and meeting of glycemic targets in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect childhood obesity risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 809 mothers with GDM, treated with diet or glyburide, who enrolled at 6\u20139 weeks postdelivery in a prospective cohort (2008\u20132011) and their children who had a BMI measurement between ages 5 and 11 years, after exclusion of mothers with diabetes diagnosis postdelivery. Mothers\u2019 GDM diagnosis timing (early [&amp;lt;24 weeks gestation] vs. standard [\u226524 weeks]), treatment type, and meeting of self-monitored glycemic targets, along with children\u2019s weight and height at ages 5\u201311 years, were obtained from Kaiser Permanente Northern California electronic health records. Log-binomial regression models estimated adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% CIs of childhood obesity, adjusting for covariates including glycemic targets and maternal prepregnancy BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were multiethnic (77% Asian, Black, or Hispanic), with a mean (SD) prepregnancy BMI of 29.4 (7.2) kg\/m2. GDM was diagnosed early (&amp;lt;24 weeks) in 20%, glyburide treatment was provided to 27%, and glycemic targets were met by 70% of participants. Child BMI percentiles were obtained at a mean (SD) age of 9.5 (1.5) years (58% normal weight, 17% overweight, and 25% obesity). In a joint analysis of GDM treatment type and diagnosis timing, compared with standard diagnosis and dietary treatment (referent), the aRR (95% CI) of childhood obesity was 1.58 (1.19\u20132.12) with early diagnosis and glyburide treatment and 1.53 (1.15\u20132.04) with early diagnosis and dietary treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children exposed to GDM diagnosed before the standard time frame of 24 weeks, regardless of treatment type, meeting of glycemic targets, or maternal prepregnancy BMI, are more likely to develop obesity up to 11 years later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T16:35:27Z","timestamp":1765470927000},"page":"308-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Midchildhood Obesity After Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The SWIFT Study in Youth"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jami L.","family":"Josefson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital 1 , Chicago, IL"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University 2 , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis S.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 3 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 3 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles P.","family":"Quesenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 3 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"Greenspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center 4 , San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaimie","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin 5 , Austin, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan C.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 3 , Pleasanton, CA"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center 6 , Oakland, CA"},{"name":"Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. 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